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在西方思想史传统中,道德有广义与狭义的不同理解。广义上,道德是关涉人的终极幸福的人类生活的总和;狭义上,道德只涉及人类生活的某一个方面,它与义务的概念结合在一起,用以评价和规范人的某些行为,因而,道德的善恶就在于人的行为是否符合特定的义务。《共产党宣言》对道德概念有着多层次的理解,包括道德的本性、基础和阶级性、资产阶级道德的特点、对资产阶级道德的批判、共产主义社会的道德理想等问题。分析马克思的这一经典文献就可以看出,马克思的道德概念包含广义与狭义两种方法,这对理解马克思的道德理论有着极为重要的意义。
In the tradition of Western thought history, morality has different understandings of broad sense and narrow sense. In a broad sense, morality is the sum total of human life concerning the ultimate happiness of human beings. In a narrow sense, morality refers only to one aspect of human life, which is combined with the concept of obligation to evaluate and regulate certain behaviors of human beings The good and evil of morality lies in whether the human behavior meets the specific obligation. The “Communist Manifesto” has a multi-layered understanding of the concept of morality, including the nature, foundation and class of morality, the characteristics of bourgeois morality, the critique of bourgeois morality and the moral ideal of communist society. It can be seen from the analysis of Marx’s classic literature that Marx’s moral concept contains both broad and narrow approaches, which are of great significance for understanding Marx’s moral theory.