论文部分内容阅读
一、高中英语高频词汇教学中的误区
误区一、正确项、干扰项中出现的高频词理解不够准确。由于高频词词义较多，大多数同学及老师都是用一层或两层，最多也就三、四层汉语意义来描述其意义，因此学生就体会不到准确项中常规词的实质意义。比如说，正话反话，双重否定句代替肯定句，主系表结构代替主谓宾结构、名词结构代替其动词意义以及同义词的替换。这些都是常规词的不同语言组合形式来表达相同意义，因此，在阅读中，我们要注意题支与原文意思的对比，从而得出正确答案。
如：07年全国高考卷中第一篇第59题：
原文最后一段“people say that a smile can be passed from one person to another，but acts of kindness from strangers are even more so，This experience has had a spreading effect in our lives because it strengthened our faith in humanity as a whole，and it has influenced us to be more mindful of ways too，which can share with others.No matter how big or small，an act of kindness shows that someone cares.and the results can be everlasting.
Q：what do the couple learn from the experience？
A.strangers are usually of little help;B.one should take care of their bike;C.news reports make people famous;D.an act of kindness can mean a lot;
本题题干主人公learn from the experience，意思是指gain knowledge by experience，此句experience应该为经历，event activity that affects someone in someway悟出人生中最大的或最主要的一种品质.而题目中的A，strangers are usually of little help陌生人对别人没有帮助，根本不是一种崇高的、好的品质，此选项无中生有，与原文无关。B，one should take care of their bike人们应该看好自己的自行车，是生活中的一点小常识，此选项属细节代替主题。C，news reports make people famous 新闻报道使人出名，这更不是主人公悟出的高品质。只有，D，an act of kindness can mean a lot 善良之举意义非凡，在文中可以由：acts of kindness from strangers are even more so此句中，are even more so就相当于mean a lot，同义词替换。另外在文章最后no matter how big or small，an act of kindness shows that someone cares.and the results can be everlasting.由此可以推出：an act of kindness can be everlasting and can be passed from one person to another因此，an act of kindness can mean a lot是对文章的中心或主要意图的概括和总结。选项中mean就有很多不同的意义，而此题中的mean a lot也无法用比较准确的汉语意义来表述，因此，只能让学生去体会。
又如：Last summer 16-year-old child died after being thrown from a speeding truck driven by a friend who had been drinking wine...Highway accidents are leading killer of the teenagers.
Q：Most teenagers lost their lives_ A.driving on the highways B.driving the speeding trucks C.in summer D，after drinking wine
这个例子中题干Most teenagers lost their lives与原文中Highway accidents are leading killer of the teenagers.，虽然在句子形式上不同，但意义基本相同，因此答案应该与本句有关。选项中B项：driving the speeding trucks将原文中一个特例推广，属于以偏概全。D项：after drinking wine 与原文不同，学生无意中就将选项误解，这是酒后驾车，但是题干中根本没有drive这样一个词在其中。因此本题只有选择与原文中关键句相近的选项driving on the highways。
误区二、混淆英语单词和汉语词在内涵及外延上的变化以及它们的比喻意义。
很多学生经常都是将句子先翻译成汉语，再用对应的选项的汉语意思来结合找出对应答案，这类学生是我们教师在平常讲课中过多使用汉语，使学生养成了用汉语来评价和定义英语的习惯。这类错误的原因在于不是每一个英语单词就能用一个汉语意思准确表达的。在英语译成汉语时其精髓就可能失去三分之一，反之，我们学生汉语水平较其英语水平高，本来很浅显的英语句子理解得过分复杂。解决这类问题的办法通常在词汇教学中要注意给出该词在该句中的准确的英语解释，或将较难得句子paraphrase，这样学生就可以比较准确地理解题干和题支的意义。 That cold January night，I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco.There I was walking home at one in the morning after a tiring practice at the theatre.With opening night only a week ago，I was still learning my lines.I was having trouble dealing with my part-time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time.As I walked，I thought seriously about giving up both acting and San Francisco.City life became too much of me.
Q;How did the writer feel when she was walking home after working？A.cold and sick B.fortunate and helpful C.Satisfied and cheerful D.disappointed and helpless
本题答案D.本题的题干中feel不能简单地解释为physical feeling（身体上的感觉），而是作者态度、感情方面的理解。虽然在文章中用了cold sick，但并非真的“感冒”、“疾病”之意，因此原文中的cold January night意指天气寒冷。Grow sick of my life理解为对生活的厌倦，读者自然而想到厌倦生活的原因，从而推出是作者的悲观失望与无助的感情态度
又如：Most people want to know how things are made.They honestly admit，however that they hardly know a thing when it comes to understanding how a piece of music is made，where a composer begins，how he manages to keep going in fact how and where he learns his trade –all are covered in complete darkness.The composer，in short，is a man of mystery.
Q：the word “covered in complete darkness” underlined in the paragraph most probably mean？
A.difficult to be made B.Without any light C.black in color D.not known
答案是D.此题中如果单纯地把darkness理解成黑暗，而忽略了它的比喻意义，就很难选择正确答案。
二、对常规词的词义的理解对策
对策一、理解常规词的派生意义
语言的发展是在单词发展的基础上而逐渐发展起来的，一个词在创造之初可能只有一个意思，这个意思称为原始意义。随着时间的推移和语言的发展，词就取得了越来越多的意思。这些后来发展的意义都是从原始意义中派生出来的，都或多或少看得到原词的影子。以face为例：1.face the front part of head，from the forehead to the chin脸，2.The expression shown on the face面孔面部表情，3.Surface or the side of something脸色表面4.The appearance，outward aspect外表5.Dignity，self-respect自尊6.Openly and directly so that somebody can hear当看某人的面。
误区一、正确项、干扰项中出现的高频词理解不够准确。由于高频词词义较多，大多数同学及老师都是用一层或两层，最多也就三、四层汉语意义来描述其意义，因此学生就体会不到准确项中常规词的实质意义。比如说，正话反话，双重否定句代替肯定句，主系表结构代替主谓宾结构、名词结构代替其动词意义以及同义词的替换。这些都是常规词的不同语言组合形式来表达相同意义，因此，在阅读中，我们要注意题支与原文意思的对比，从而得出正确答案。
如：07年全国高考卷中第一篇第59题：
原文最后一段“people say that a smile can be passed from one person to another，but acts of kindness from strangers are even more so，This experience has had a spreading effect in our lives because it strengthened our faith in humanity as a whole，and it has influenced us to be more mindful of ways too，which can share with others.No matter how big or small，an act of kindness shows that someone cares.and the results can be everlasting.
Q：what do the couple learn from the experience？
A.strangers are usually of little help;B.one should take care of their bike;C.news reports make people famous;D.an act of kindness can mean a lot;
本题题干主人公learn from the experience，意思是指gain knowledge by experience，此句experience应该为经历，event activity that affects someone in someway悟出人生中最大的或最主要的一种品质.而题目中的A，strangers are usually of little help陌生人对别人没有帮助，根本不是一种崇高的、好的品质，此选项无中生有，与原文无关。B，one should take care of their bike人们应该看好自己的自行车，是生活中的一点小常识，此选项属细节代替主题。C，news reports make people famous 新闻报道使人出名，这更不是主人公悟出的高品质。只有，D，an act of kindness can mean a lot 善良之举意义非凡，在文中可以由：acts of kindness from strangers are even more so此句中，are even more so就相当于mean a lot，同义词替换。另外在文章最后no matter how big or small，an act of kindness shows that someone cares.and the results can be everlasting.由此可以推出：an act of kindness can be everlasting and can be passed from one person to another因此，an act of kindness can mean a lot是对文章的中心或主要意图的概括和总结。选项中mean就有很多不同的意义，而此题中的mean a lot也无法用比较准确的汉语意义来表述，因此，只能让学生去体会。
又如：Last summer 16-year-old child died after being thrown from a speeding truck driven by a friend who had been drinking wine...Highway accidents are leading killer of the teenagers.
Q：Most teenagers lost their lives_ A.driving on the highways B.driving the speeding trucks C.in summer D，after drinking wine
这个例子中题干Most teenagers lost their lives与原文中Highway accidents are leading killer of the teenagers.，虽然在句子形式上不同，但意义基本相同，因此答案应该与本句有关。选项中B项：driving the speeding trucks将原文中一个特例推广，属于以偏概全。D项：after drinking wine 与原文不同，学生无意中就将选项误解，这是酒后驾车，但是题干中根本没有drive这样一个词在其中。因此本题只有选择与原文中关键句相近的选项driving on the highways。
误区二、混淆英语单词和汉语词在内涵及外延上的变化以及它们的比喻意义。
很多学生经常都是将句子先翻译成汉语，再用对应的选项的汉语意思来结合找出对应答案，这类学生是我们教师在平常讲课中过多使用汉语，使学生养成了用汉语来评价和定义英语的习惯。这类错误的原因在于不是每一个英语单词就能用一个汉语意思准确表达的。在英语译成汉语时其精髓就可能失去三分之一，反之，我们学生汉语水平较其英语水平高，本来很浅显的英语句子理解得过分复杂。解决这类问题的办法通常在词汇教学中要注意给出该词在该句中的准确的英语解释，或将较难得句子paraphrase，这样学生就可以比较准确地理解题干和题支的意义。 That cold January night，I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco.There I was walking home at one in the morning after a tiring practice at the theatre.With opening night only a week ago，I was still learning my lines.I was having trouble dealing with my part-time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time.As I walked，I thought seriously about giving up both acting and San Francisco.City life became too much of me.
Q;How did the writer feel when she was walking home after working？A.cold and sick B.fortunate and helpful C.Satisfied and cheerful D.disappointed and helpless
本题答案D.本题的题干中feel不能简单地解释为physical feeling（身体上的感觉），而是作者态度、感情方面的理解。虽然在文章中用了cold sick，但并非真的“感冒”、“疾病”之意，因此原文中的cold January night意指天气寒冷。Grow sick of my life理解为对生活的厌倦，读者自然而想到厌倦生活的原因，从而推出是作者的悲观失望与无助的感情态度
又如：Most people want to know how things are made.They honestly admit，however that they hardly know a thing when it comes to understanding how a piece of music is made，where a composer begins，how he manages to keep going in fact how and where he learns his trade –all are covered in complete darkness.The composer，in short，is a man of mystery.
Q：the word “covered in complete darkness” underlined in the paragraph most probably mean？
A.difficult to be made B.Without any light C.black in color D.not known
答案是D.此题中如果单纯地把darkness理解成黑暗，而忽略了它的比喻意义，就很难选择正确答案。
二、对常规词的词义的理解对策
对策一、理解常规词的派生意义
语言的发展是在单词发展的基础上而逐渐发展起来的，一个词在创造之初可能只有一个意思，这个意思称为原始意义。随着时间的推移和语言的发展，词就取得了越来越多的意思。这些后来发展的意义都是从原始意义中派生出来的，都或多或少看得到原词的影子。以face为例：1.face the front part of head，from the forehead to the chin脸，2.The expression shown on the face面孔面部表情，3.Surface or the side of something脸色表面4.The appearance，outward aspect外表5.Dignity，self-respect自尊6.Openly and directly so that somebody can hear当看某人的面。