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摘 要:笔者对部分英语高考试题中的文章标题进行简要分析、引导学生解题时对文章标题归纳作出正确的判断。
关键词:阅读理解;文章标题;归纳;有效判断
中国分类号: 文献标识码:文章编号:1992-7711(2010)4-071 -02
在高考阅读理解题中常常出现标题归纳题的形式,标题归纳题在英语阅读理解题中属深层理解题。它要求学生在通读全文的基础上,准确把握文章的大意及作者的写作意图。该题型具有概括性、针对性、简洁性的特点,它囊括了文章的主要内容,但所给的选项往往言简意赅,有时甚至采用谚语的形式出现。对于学生而言,确实难以分辨。如何才能有效地判断文章的标题呢?本文根据部分高考试题中的文章标题题作一简要的分析,旨在引导学生在解题时如何作出正确的判断。
一、根据文章的主题段判断标题
一篇文章常常以若干段落的形式呈现,而文章的第一段或最后一段往往很重要。因为在许多文章中常常在第一段提出文章的主题或在最后一段归纳文章的主题。明确了文章的主题也就能确定文章的中心,再结合文章所提供的选项就能甄别文章合适的标题。如:
1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage ? (2010 广东卷50题)
A. A Winner’s Secret.
B. A Winner’s Problem.
C. A Winner’s Opportunity
D. A Winner’s Achievement.
该文为议论文,文章的最后一段概括了其主题。通过下面话语的论述便一目了然,This is what being a winner is all about-creatively using your skills and talents so that you are successful no matter what happen. Winners don’t have fewer problems in their lives; they have just as many difficult situations to face as anybody else. They are just better at seeing those problems and challenges and opportunities to develop their own talents. So, stop focusing on “whose fault it is.” Once you are confident about your power over bad situations, problems are just stepping stones for success. 从该短的叙述可以看出,在遇到困难或失败时一味地怨天尤人于事无补,成功的人总是把困难或挫折看成是提高自己的机会,这就是他们成功的秘诀。明确了该文的主题,合适的标题自然会浮于眼前。因此该题应选择A作为标题最为恰当。
2. Which would be the best title for this text ? (2010 辽宁卷67题)
A. Computers or Television
B. Effects of Television on Children
C. Studies on TV and College Education
D. Television and Children’s Learning Habits
该文利用一些新的研究阐明了学生看太多的电视会影响他们的学习能力,降低上大学的几率。在文章的第一段就将此主题和盘托出,而其后的段落则是对该主题的进一步论述。Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children. 从该段落便可以明确文章的主旨不是论述大学教育或学习习惯,而是电视对儿童产生的影响,由此可以有效地判断该题的正确答案应选择B。
通过上面的两题可以看出,在解文章标题题时应首先利用文章的首尾段进行判断。只要明确了文章的主题,正确选项的问题便会迎刃而解。
二、根据全文的内容判断标题
有时要确定的标题在某些文章中并不是十分明显,相关的内容并非固定在某一段落,而是散于全文中。此时必须依据全文的内容加以判断,从文章的整体出发,综合各段落所提供的信息才能作出合理的推论。如:
1. What can be the best title for the passage? (2010 湖南卷70题)
A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul
B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions
C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills
D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding
该文为说明文。从文章可以得知,东西方在理解人的表情方面存在着差异。从文章中话语的论述可以判断其差异性。如:在文章的第三小节中是这样论述的:Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect the mouth. 根据该段的叙述可以排除选项A,因为面部表情还应该包括嘴唇的动作。在文章的第四小节中是这样论述的:As a result, facial expression that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations. 根据该段落的叙述得知,“在跨文化交际的情形中,被视为普遍公认的面部表情不可能用来依赖传递情感。因为这涉及到不同的文化差异。这样的结论在第六小节中也得到了证实:The cultural difference in eye movement that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions. 根据不同段落中的叙述可以判断该题的正确答案应为B。而其它的选项不符合全文的内容。
2. Which is the best possible title of the passage ? (2010 湖北卷62题)
A. Age Is No Barrier for Fashion Fans
B. The More Fashionable, the Less Expensive
C. Unexpected Changes in Fashion
D. Boom of the British Fashion Industry
通读全文可知,本文主要分析了老年妇女着装风格的变化,说明随着社会的发展,时装已经不再是年轻人的专利,老年人一样喜欢穿时装。从文章不同的段落的叙述可以窥探此景。如第一小节中的叙述:A generation which would once only wear old-fashioned clothes is now favoring the same high street looks worn by those half their age. 第二小节中的Women over 75 are now for clothes more frequently than they did when they were young in the 1960s. 第五小节中的Older women were much more affected by celebrity style than in previous years. 以及第六小节中的Older women are much more aware of celebrities.从文章中不同段落的叙述可以明了该题正确的答案应为A。而其它的选项仅仅是反映的是某个侧面,不能概括全文的主要内容。
从上面两篇短文的分析可以看出,有时在没有具体阐明主题的段落时必须依赖全文的内容加以判断,切不可凭自己的主观臆造去想象,以免引起失误。
三、根据文章中的关键词判断标题
在某些文章中,作者常常采用先总后分的结构形式来阐述某种观点,从不同的侧面来论述事物。因此在阅读文章时必须依据作者对事物论述的关键词加以判断,找出符合文章主题和与选项一致的话语进行推敲,那么正确答案必定是囊中之物。参看下面的段落,必然会有所感悟。
1. What would be the best title for this passage ? (2010 天津卷55题)
A. A Mirror of Human Nature
B. To Blame or to Forgive
C. A Mark of MaturityD. Truth or Excuse
该文对三个经典观点进行剖析,指出其错误的原因,论述了人类的本质。文章中的关键词为to err; common sense; a good excuse; 作者一一剖析其错误的本质,从而让读者了解人性的本质:即勇于承担责任,灵活运用常识,实事求是等。作者根据不同的关键词作出了进一步的论述。如:根据to err作者运用了这样的话语加以剖析:However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity. 做错了事情勇于承认是成熟的标志。根据common sense作者用这样的话语作出评论Common sense does not seem to be common for large organization, because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything. 常识不是放之四海的准则,不能死搬教条,有时必须依据实际情况灵活的运用才行得通。根据a good excuse作者指出If a excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest, then where is the place of the truth ? 编造借口会让人们丢掉诚实,忽视真理。正是通过文章中的这些关键词的解释,阐明了全文的主题,由此而判断该题的正确答案应为A,而其它的选择项则为对各个关键词的单独的解释,不能概括全文的主旨。
通过上面三种类型形式的的论述可以明确,要想选出合适的文章标题,必须首先辨别以何种方法进行。在通读全文的基础上,依据某种特定的方法加以判断,从而得出既符合文意又能一语概括文章主旨的选项。
关键词:阅读理解;文章标题;归纳;有效判断
中国分类号: 文献标识码:文章编号:1992-7711(2010)4-071 -02
在高考阅读理解题中常常出现标题归纳题的形式,标题归纳题在英语阅读理解题中属深层理解题。它要求学生在通读全文的基础上,准确把握文章的大意及作者的写作意图。该题型具有概括性、针对性、简洁性的特点,它囊括了文章的主要内容,但所给的选项往往言简意赅,有时甚至采用谚语的形式出现。对于学生而言,确实难以分辨。如何才能有效地判断文章的标题呢?本文根据部分高考试题中的文章标题题作一简要的分析,旨在引导学生在解题时如何作出正确的判断。
一、根据文章的主题段判断标题
一篇文章常常以若干段落的形式呈现,而文章的第一段或最后一段往往很重要。因为在许多文章中常常在第一段提出文章的主题或在最后一段归纳文章的主题。明确了文章的主题也就能确定文章的中心,再结合文章所提供的选项就能甄别文章合适的标题。如:
1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage ? (2010 广东卷50题)
A. A Winner’s Secret.
B. A Winner’s Problem.
C. A Winner’s Opportunity
D. A Winner’s Achievement.
该文为议论文,文章的最后一段概括了其主题。通过下面话语的论述便一目了然,This is what being a winner is all about-creatively using your skills and talents so that you are successful no matter what happen. Winners don’t have fewer problems in their lives; they have just as many difficult situations to face as anybody else. They are just better at seeing those problems and challenges and opportunities to develop their own talents. So, stop focusing on “whose fault it is.” Once you are confident about your power over bad situations, problems are just stepping stones for success. 从该短的叙述可以看出,在遇到困难或失败时一味地怨天尤人于事无补,成功的人总是把困难或挫折看成是提高自己的机会,这就是他们成功的秘诀。明确了该文的主题,合适的标题自然会浮于眼前。因此该题应选择A作为标题最为恰当。
2. Which would be the best title for this text ? (2010 辽宁卷67题)
A. Computers or Television
B. Effects of Television on Children
C. Studies on TV and College Education
D. Television and Children’s Learning Habits
该文利用一些新的研究阐明了学生看太多的电视会影响他们的学习能力,降低上大学的几率。在文章的第一段就将此主题和盘托出,而其后的段落则是对该主题的进一步论述。Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children. 从该段落便可以明确文章的主旨不是论述大学教育或学习习惯,而是电视对儿童产生的影响,由此可以有效地判断该题的正确答案应选择B。
通过上面的两题可以看出,在解文章标题题时应首先利用文章的首尾段进行判断。只要明确了文章的主题,正确选项的问题便会迎刃而解。
二、根据全文的内容判断标题
有时要确定的标题在某些文章中并不是十分明显,相关的内容并非固定在某一段落,而是散于全文中。此时必须依据全文的内容加以判断,从文章的整体出发,综合各段落所提供的信息才能作出合理的推论。如:
1. What can be the best title for the passage? (2010 湖南卷70题)
A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul
B. Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions
C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills
D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding
该文为说明文。从文章可以得知,东西方在理解人的表情方面存在着差异。从文章中话语的论述可以判断其差异性。如:在文章的第三小节中是这样论述的:Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect the mouth. 根据该段的叙述可以排除选项A,因为面部表情还应该包括嘴唇的动作。在文章的第四小节中是这样论述的:As a result, facial expression that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations. 根据该段落的叙述得知,“在跨文化交际的情形中,被视为普遍公认的面部表情不可能用来依赖传递情感。因为这涉及到不同的文化差异。这样的结论在第六小节中也得到了证实:The cultural difference in eye movement that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions. 根据不同段落中的叙述可以判断该题的正确答案应为B。而其它的选项不符合全文的内容。
2. Which is the best possible title of the passage ? (2010 湖北卷62题)
A. Age Is No Barrier for Fashion Fans
B. The More Fashionable, the Less Expensive
C. Unexpected Changes in Fashion
D. Boom of the British Fashion Industry
通读全文可知,本文主要分析了老年妇女着装风格的变化,说明随着社会的发展,时装已经不再是年轻人的专利,老年人一样喜欢穿时装。从文章不同的段落的叙述可以窥探此景。如第一小节中的叙述:A generation which would once only wear old-fashioned clothes is now favoring the same high street looks worn by those half their age. 第二小节中的Women over 75 are now for clothes more frequently than they did when they were young in the 1960s. 第五小节中的Older women were much more affected by celebrity style than in previous years. 以及第六小节中的Older women are much more aware of celebrities.从文章中不同段落的叙述可以明了该题正确的答案应为A。而其它的选项仅仅是反映的是某个侧面,不能概括全文的主要内容。
从上面两篇短文的分析可以看出,有时在没有具体阐明主题的段落时必须依赖全文的内容加以判断,切不可凭自己的主观臆造去想象,以免引起失误。
三、根据文章中的关键词判断标题
在某些文章中,作者常常采用先总后分的结构形式来阐述某种观点,从不同的侧面来论述事物。因此在阅读文章时必须依据作者对事物论述的关键词加以判断,找出符合文章主题和与选项一致的话语进行推敲,那么正确答案必定是囊中之物。参看下面的段落,必然会有所感悟。
1. What would be the best title for this passage ? (2010 天津卷55题)
A. A Mirror of Human Nature
B. To Blame or to Forgive
C. A Mark of MaturityD. Truth or Excuse
该文对三个经典观点进行剖析,指出其错误的原因,论述了人类的本质。文章中的关键词为to err; common sense; a good excuse; 作者一一剖析其错误的本质,从而让读者了解人性的本质:即勇于承担责任,灵活运用常识,实事求是等。作者根据不同的关键词作出了进一步的论述。如:根据to err作者运用了这样的话语加以剖析:However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity. 做错了事情勇于承认是成熟的标志。根据common sense作者用这样的话语作出评论Common sense does not seem to be common for large organization, because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything. 常识不是放之四海的准则,不能死搬教条,有时必须依据实际情况灵活的运用才行得通。根据a good excuse作者指出If a excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest, then where is the place of the truth ? 编造借口会让人们丢掉诚实,忽视真理。正是通过文章中的这些关键词的解释,阐明了全文的主题,由此而判断该题的正确答案应为A,而其它的选择项则为对各个关键词的单独的解释,不能概括全文的主旨。
通过上面三种类型形式的的论述可以明确,要想选出合适的文章标题,必须首先辨别以何种方法进行。在通读全文的基础上,依据某种特定的方法加以判断,从而得出既符合文意又能一语概括文章主旨的选项。