马克思对意识形态有“虚假意识”“观念上层建筑”和“拜物教”三种不同的界定。国内理论界对这三者的关系一直是聚讼不已。实际上,上述三种结论并非简单的对立或等同的关系,相反它们呈现为一种不断扬弃和提升的进程。马克思对于意识形态的探索采用的是“从抽象到具体”的思维方法,最终在拜物教理论中实现了对意识形态的全面、具体、历史的把握。准确理解马克思意识形态理论的精髓,是在当前复杂多变的国际形势下,加强我国主流意识形态建设,构建社会主义和谐社会的重要理论保证。 Marx has three different definitions of “false consciousness”, “superstructure of superstition” and “fetishism” in ideology. The relationship between the three theorists in the domestic theorists has always been endless. In fact, the above three conclusions are not simple antagonistic or equivalent relations, on the contrary, they appear as a continuous process of abandoning and upgrading. Marx’s exploration of ideology adopts the thinking method of “from abstraction to concreteness”, and eventually realizes the comprehensiveness, concreteness and history of ideology in fetishism theory. An accurate understanding of the essence of Marx’s theory of ideology is an important theoretical guarantee for strengthening the construction of our mainstream ideology and building a socialist harmonious society under the current complicated and ever-changing international situation.