论文部分内容阅读
摘 要:本文通過大学英语四级考试仔细阅读真题的内容讨论和答案讲解,希望对于仔细阅读此类题型的做题技巧进行讨论和分析。
关键词:大学英语四级考试;阅读
在全国大学四、六级考试大纲中这样写道:”阅读理解部分由词汇理解,长篇阅读和仔细阅读构成……仔细阅读的每篇长度为300-350词。总共考试时间40分钟。仔细阅读理解采用选择(单选题)题型,考核学生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力,包括理解主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等。每个篇章后有5个问题,要求考生根据对篇章的理解从每题的四个选项中选择最佳答案。”
本文将通过2013年6月大学英语四级真题中一篇仔细阅读文章的理解和问题解答,来分析和讨论应对四级仔细阅读技巧,希望为备考大学英语四、六级考试的大学生提供解题思路,具有一定备考参考价值。
首先,学生在备考四级准备期间,应该具有一定四级水平的阅读能力和技巧。从我任教的西安交通大学城市学院学生中了解到,大部分学生在平时做阅读理解时,习惯做法为:一字一句认真读完全篇文章,包括不认识的新单词和难理解的词汇句子。难以理解时就会查询词汇释义,甚至直接借助手机软件翻译整段话,以达到最终理解的目的。
在这习惯下,必然造成学生在考试中成绩不佳。在《第二语言阅读探索:问题与策略》中,安德森这样写道:许多第二语言学习者抱怨自己的阅读速度太慢。其实,阅读速度慢的学生并不是语言水平低或者阅读理解能力差,而是主观上不愿意读得更快一些。有些人一边读一边翻译;有的人一边读一边分析句子的语法结构;有的人一边读一遍关注文章中的重要语言现象(如单词、短语和固定用法等);有的人一边读一遍查词典;还有的人力求读懂每一个单词的意思。阅读速度越慢,阅读技能提高得就越慢。
所以教师可以建议学生在平时做阅读理解练习时,一定要遵循四级建议时间限制,把时间因素加入到平时的练习中。同时,选取的材料可来源四级仔细阅读部分。李红在《英语阅读理论与实践》中这样说:”同一文章,提速反复阅读。一篇300字左右的文章进行阅读,初次阅读限定5分钟看完;再次阅读,3分钟看完;最后阅读,两分钟看完。在这种阅读中会体验到自己的阅读速度不断提高,理解能力不断加强。
其次,学生要了解到大学英语四级考试仔细阅读部分出题主要类型。在大纲中可以看到,主旨题,细节题和推理题占了相当重的比例。接下来将以四级真题为例,分别讨论三种题型做题技巧。
Junk food is everywhere.We’re eating way too much of it.Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation:Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?
“Many policy measures to control obesity(肥胖症)assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods,” note the two researchers.
“In contrast,” the researchers continue,“many regulations that don’t assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol,a substance -- like food -- of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems.”
The research references studies of people’s behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions,and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods.Among them:
Density restrictions:licenses to sell alcohol aren’t handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted(分配)based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol.These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.
Similarly,the researchers say,being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it.So why not limit the density of food outlets,particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren’t primarily food stores? Display and sales restrictions:California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations,and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities.At supermarkets,food companies pay to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen.One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines.The other measures include restricting portion sizes,taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods,and placing warning labels on the products.
1.主旨題。
61.What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control?
A)Guiding people to make rational choices about food.
B)Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health.
C)Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.
D.Resorting to economic,legal and psychological means
从题干上来看,很容易把这道题理解成为细节题或推理题,问题为Rand研究者们对于垃圾食品管控的总体准则是什么?通过Rand researchers和junk food control关键词可以定位到文章第二段So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation:Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed? 公司的研究人员建议:为何不借鉴控酒政策并运用到食品展示和售卖区?其实全文都是Rand研究人员试图通过鉴戒控制酒精产品做法来控制垃圾食品。那么这句以why not打头的问句实为整篇文章的中心句。所以该题答案选择C。
2.细节题。
59.Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?
A)Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations.
B)There are already too many stores selling alcohol.
C)Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems.
D)Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption.
该题为细节题:为何控酒政策制定者们要实行浓度限制?通过明显的关键词alcohol control和density restrictions定位到文章第五段Density restrictions:licenses to sell alcohol aren’t handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted(分配)based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol.These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.最后一句表明该限制做法的目的是:浓度限购可使消费者买酒不易,并减少喝酒的心理暗示。那么反而言之,等同于D选项。
3.推理题。
此类题型为四级仔细阅读题中最难,出错率极高。例如本文第一个问题
57.What does the author say about junk food?
A)People should be educated not to eat too much.
B)It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.
C)Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
D)It causes more harm than is generally realized.
这道题看似很像细节题,根据关键词junk food定位到文章第一段。Junk food is everywhere.We’re eating way too much of it.Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.垃圾食品比比皆是。我们吃了太多垃圾食品。大部分人知道自己在做什么,然而依旧这么做。这三句中没有直接对应选项的内容,需要学生在阅读完这三句之后做出一定合理的推断。
推理题最重要的是请学生勿将自己观点加入到判断中。一切以作者发表内容为中心做出合理推论。比如第一段三句内容中没有关于人们应该被灌输被教育的观点,A选项排除。B选项中前部分符合第一,二句内容,可后面ill reputation作者却并未提到,排除B。D选项内容已经超出第一段内容,排除。答案选择C。
通过前三个例题,仔细阅读可以遵循以下步骤和技巧:
第一,通过扫读方式快速了解全文大意。主要抓住作者意图和举例来理解文章主旨。
第二,通过阅读文章后问题提干部分,抽出其中关键词。通过关键词定位到文中所对应部分,进行仔细精读。
第三,通过对应部分仔细阅读后理解的意思,和问题四个选项进行对比和筛查,选出正确选项。
其实,在掌握所谓的阅读技巧之前,任何阅读材料都需要基本理解和时间限制两个重要因素。建议学生首先提高自身英语综合水平,对于四级阅读选取材料较多的科普文章以及社会发展相关文章在平时积累中增加阅读量,积累词汇量。其次,在时间因素上,建议学生采取真题模拟方式,对自己提出基本时间限定要求,逐步提高个人英文阅读速度和理解能力。这样,才能有效率地备考四级阅读部分。
参考文献
[1]Neil J.Anderson.2009.Exploring Second Language Reading-- Issues and Strategies.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[2]李红.英语阅读理论与时间.北京:国防工业出版社,2011.
作者简介
付晓雪,(1985-),女,汉族,陕西西安人,现为西安交通大学城市学院外语系教师。
(作者单位:西安交通大学城市学院)
关键词:大学英语四级考试;阅读
在全国大学四、六级考试大纲中这样写道:”阅读理解部分由词汇理解,长篇阅读和仔细阅读构成……仔细阅读的每篇长度为300-350词。总共考试时间40分钟。仔细阅读理解采用选择(单选题)题型,考核学生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力,包括理解主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等。每个篇章后有5个问题,要求考生根据对篇章的理解从每题的四个选项中选择最佳答案。”
本文将通过2013年6月大学英语四级真题中一篇仔细阅读文章的理解和问题解答,来分析和讨论应对四级仔细阅读技巧,希望为备考大学英语四、六级考试的大学生提供解题思路,具有一定备考参考价值。
首先,学生在备考四级准备期间,应该具有一定四级水平的阅读能力和技巧。从我任教的西安交通大学城市学院学生中了解到,大部分学生在平时做阅读理解时,习惯做法为:一字一句认真读完全篇文章,包括不认识的新单词和难理解的词汇句子。难以理解时就会查询词汇释义,甚至直接借助手机软件翻译整段话,以达到最终理解的目的。
在这习惯下,必然造成学生在考试中成绩不佳。在《第二语言阅读探索:问题与策略》中,安德森这样写道:许多第二语言学习者抱怨自己的阅读速度太慢。其实,阅读速度慢的学生并不是语言水平低或者阅读理解能力差,而是主观上不愿意读得更快一些。有些人一边读一边翻译;有的人一边读一边分析句子的语法结构;有的人一边读一遍关注文章中的重要语言现象(如单词、短语和固定用法等);有的人一边读一遍查词典;还有的人力求读懂每一个单词的意思。阅读速度越慢,阅读技能提高得就越慢。
所以教师可以建议学生在平时做阅读理解练习时,一定要遵循四级建议时间限制,把时间因素加入到平时的练习中。同时,选取的材料可来源四级仔细阅读部分。李红在《英语阅读理论与实践》中这样说:”同一文章,提速反复阅读。一篇300字左右的文章进行阅读,初次阅读限定5分钟看完;再次阅读,3分钟看完;最后阅读,两分钟看完。在这种阅读中会体验到自己的阅读速度不断提高,理解能力不断加强。
其次,学生要了解到大学英语四级考试仔细阅读部分出题主要类型。在大纲中可以看到,主旨题,细节题和推理题占了相当重的比例。接下来将以四级真题为例,分别讨论三种题型做题技巧。
Junk food is everywhere.We’re eating way too much of it.Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation:Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?
“Many policy measures to control obesity(肥胖症)assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods,” note the two researchers.
“In contrast,” the researchers continue,“many regulations that don’t assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol,a substance -- like food -- of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems.”
The research references studies of people’s behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions,and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods.Among them:
Density restrictions:licenses to sell alcohol aren’t handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted(分配)based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol.These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.
Similarly,the researchers say,being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it.So why not limit the density of food outlets,particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren’t primarily food stores? Display and sales restrictions:California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations,and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities.At supermarkets,food companies pay to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen.One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines.The other measures include restricting portion sizes,taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods,and placing warning labels on the products.
1.主旨題。
61.What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control?
A)Guiding people to make rational choices about food.
B)Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health.
C)Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.
D.Resorting to economic,legal and psychological means
从题干上来看,很容易把这道题理解成为细节题或推理题,问题为Rand研究者们对于垃圾食品管控的总体准则是什么?通过Rand researchers和junk food control关键词可以定位到文章第二段So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation:Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed? 公司的研究人员建议:为何不借鉴控酒政策并运用到食品展示和售卖区?其实全文都是Rand研究人员试图通过鉴戒控制酒精产品做法来控制垃圾食品。那么这句以why not打头的问句实为整篇文章的中心句。所以该题答案选择C。
2.细节题。
59.Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?
A)Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations.
B)There are already too many stores selling alcohol.
C)Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems.
D)Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption.
该题为细节题:为何控酒政策制定者们要实行浓度限制?通过明显的关键词alcohol control和density restrictions定位到文章第五段Density restrictions:licenses to sell alcohol aren’t handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted(分配)based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol.These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.最后一句表明该限制做法的目的是:浓度限购可使消费者买酒不易,并减少喝酒的心理暗示。那么反而言之,等同于D选项。
3.推理题。
此类题型为四级仔细阅读题中最难,出错率极高。例如本文第一个问题
57.What does the author say about junk food?
A)People should be educated not to eat too much.
B)It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.
C)Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
D)It causes more harm than is generally realized.
这道题看似很像细节题,根据关键词junk food定位到文章第一段。Junk food is everywhere.We’re eating way too much of it.Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.垃圾食品比比皆是。我们吃了太多垃圾食品。大部分人知道自己在做什么,然而依旧这么做。这三句中没有直接对应选项的内容,需要学生在阅读完这三句之后做出一定合理的推断。
推理题最重要的是请学生勿将自己观点加入到判断中。一切以作者发表内容为中心做出合理推论。比如第一段三句内容中没有关于人们应该被灌输被教育的观点,A选项排除。B选项中前部分符合第一,二句内容,可后面ill reputation作者却并未提到,排除B。D选项内容已经超出第一段内容,排除。答案选择C。
通过前三个例题,仔细阅读可以遵循以下步骤和技巧:
第一,通过扫读方式快速了解全文大意。主要抓住作者意图和举例来理解文章主旨。
第二,通过阅读文章后问题提干部分,抽出其中关键词。通过关键词定位到文中所对应部分,进行仔细精读。
第三,通过对应部分仔细阅读后理解的意思,和问题四个选项进行对比和筛查,选出正确选项。
其实,在掌握所谓的阅读技巧之前,任何阅读材料都需要基本理解和时间限制两个重要因素。建议学生首先提高自身英语综合水平,对于四级阅读选取材料较多的科普文章以及社会发展相关文章在平时积累中增加阅读量,积累词汇量。其次,在时间因素上,建议学生采取真题模拟方式,对自己提出基本时间限定要求,逐步提高个人英文阅读速度和理解能力。这样,才能有效率地备考四级阅读部分。
参考文献
[1]Neil J.Anderson.2009.Exploring Second Language Reading-- Issues and Strategies.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
[2]李红.英语阅读理论与时间.北京:国防工业出版社,2011.
作者简介
付晓雪,(1985-),女,汉族,陕西西安人,现为西安交通大学城市学院外语系教师。
(作者单位:西安交通大学城市学院)