帝国主义的炮舰轰开了清政府闭关锁国的大门,也震醒了清政府中的有识人士。“师夷长技以制夷”的呼吁和主张逐步得到清政府的认同,使其开始了痛苦的变革过程。为摆脱落后挨打的被动局面,抵御列强侵略,清政府的“师夷”带有十分明显的急功近利倾向,即首先从军事上开始“师夷”。当时清政府一无近代军事工业,二无近代军事人才,三无近代军事制度和军事学术知识,要变革就得向西方学习。另一方面,西方列强为了推销其军火产品。扩大对中国的军事影响,也积极地向清政府输出武器装备、军事人才、军事学术和制度。德国 The imperialist gunboat opened the door to the closed government of the Qing government and also awakened the intelligentsia in the Qing government. The call and advocacy of “learning from the barbarians to control the barbarians” gradually gained the approval of the Qing government and started a painful process of change. In order to get rid of the passive situation of backwardness and beaten and to resist aggression by the powers, the Qing government’s “teacher-educating” tendency has a clear tendency of quick success and quick success, that is to say, “martial law” first begins in the military. At that time, the Qing government had no modern military industry, no modern military personnel, and no modern military system and academic knowledge of the military. To make changes, it was necessary to learn from the West. On the other hand, Western powers are trying to sell their arms products. Expand their military influence on China, and actively export weapons and equipment, military personnel and military academies and systems to the Qing government. Germany