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英语报刊类文章题材丰富,语言生动,具有很强的时代气息。因此阅读英语报刊是学习英语、获取最新资讯的有效途径。随着社会的发展,科学技术日新月异,新鲜事物层出不穷。在英语报刊中同时有大量新词涌现。这些新词形式多样,数量巨大,涉及社会生活的各个方面,让学生们望而生畏。掌握新词的构词规则,熟悉报刊文章的生词特点,可以让学生在报刊的阅读中更加轻松,从而进一步激发对英语学习的兴趣。英语主要有三种构词法:转化法、派生法、合成法几种。由于转化法在新词的构成中比较常见,我们就对生活中经常遇到的一些新词转化法的构成进行一些总结和研究。
一、动词和名词的相互转化
1.动词转化为名词
(1)动词可以转化为名词,有时意思没有太大变化,如:Let me have a try.我来试一试。We stopped there for a swim.我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。This is for winter wear.Don’t make it to tight.这是冬天穿的,别做的太紧。这类名词常可和一动词构成短语,表示一个动作,如:have a look(chat,talk,wash,swim,rest,try,quarrel,smoke,lie,read,dream,run,fight,walk,ride)。
(2)动词转化为名词后有时意思有一定的变化,如:He was about the same build as his brother.他的体形和他哥哥差不多。Last year’s catch was four times that of 1986.去年的捕鱼量为1986年的4倍。He won two games; the other two were draws.他赢了两局,另外两局打平了。
2.名词转化为动词
(1)许多表示物件的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如:Have you booked your ticket?芽你的票订好了吗?Who chaired the meeting?芽谁主持会议?He pinned great hopes on us.他对我们寄托了很大希望。It can seat a thousand people.它能坐一千人。另外一些表示身体某部分的名词也可用来作动词:Hand in your exercise-books, please.请把练习本交上来。We’ll back you up.我们将作你们的后盾。
(2)一些表示某类人的名词也可用作动词,如:If so,we shall be badly fooled.如果这样我们就会上大当。He insisted on staying up to nurse the child. 他坚持不睡觉来护理这个小孩。
We were hosted by members of the embassy.我们受到大使馆成员的款待。Our aim is to save the patient and not to doctor him to death.我们的目的是把他的病治好,而不是把他治死。
(3)一些表示其他实物的名词也可用作动词,如:Each apartment can house a family of six.每套房间可以住一户六口之家。I hope we can room together.我希望我们能住同一个房间。
This helped to bridge over our difficulties.这帮助我们度过了困难。They flowered well but bore little fruit.它们花开得很好,但果结的不多。The pill is coated with sugar.药丸外面包有糖衣。
Executives,workers and technicians team up.行政人员、工人和技术人员组织在一起干。
(4)此外,还有一些抽象名词等可用作动词,如:Where do swallows winter?芽燕子在哪里过冬?We summered by Lake Geneva.我们在日内瓦湖畔度过夏天。For six days and nights they battled to save his life.他们苦战了六昼夜来抢救他的生命。Through my childhood,I had hungered for education.我从小就盼望上学。
二、形容词和副词转化为动词
1.有少部分形容词也可用作动词,如:The train slowed down to half its speed.火车速度慢了一半。This is the chief way of narrowing the difference between them.这是缩小他们之间差距的主要办法。Please warm up the dish over the stove.请把菜放在炉子上加热一下。The room gradually quieted down.屋里慢慢静了下来。
2.另外有个别副词可用作动词,如:This helped to further their unity.这帮助促进了他们的团结。(副—动)Truth will out.真相总会大白的。(副—动)3000 workers there downed tools.那儿3000工人罢工了。(副—动)Please forward the letter to my new address.
三、形容词转化为名词
有不少形容词可用作名词,如:Nobles constitued seven per cent of the population.贵族占人口的百分之七。He didn’t want to disturb the quiet needed by patients.他不愿打扰病人需要的安静环境。He’s a dear.他是个招人喜欢的孩子。Their jobless total reached a record high since 1940.他们的失业总人数达到1940年以来的最高峰。Our six-year-old is at school.我们六岁的孩子在上学了。
四、其他词之间的互相转化
1.除上述几种词语转化外,还有个别其他转化的情况,如:This is a repeat performance of their old policy.这是他们的故技重演。(动—形)They held a fancy dress ball.他们举行了一次化装舞会。(名—形)We began to march north.我们开始向北进军。(名—副)
2.有个别词在一定的场合下可用作名词:His argument contains too many ifs and buts.他在说理时“如果”和“但是”用得太多了。This book is a must for students of electronics.这是学电子学的一本必读书。Have you considered the why and how of the plan?芽你考虑过制定这样计划的原因和方式吗?Have you had a medical yet?芽你检查身体了吗?
五、词形不变,通过重音变化来转化成其他用途的词语
有一些词可以词形不变用作另一词类,但重音发生变化。较常见的是一些双音节词,作动词时重音在后,作名词时重音在前:
动词名词
accent/ k’sent/ 重读/’ksent/ 重音
combine/kзm’bain/合并/’k0mbain/康拜因
compress/kзm’pres/压紧/’k0mpres/止血垫布
六、通过改变词尾的清浊音来改变词汇
有些词通过改变词尾的清浊音来改变词类,有的拼法无变化,有的拼法也跟着变:
名词动词
abuse/з’bju:s/ abuse/з’bju:z/
advice/зd’vais/ advise/зd’vaiz/
belief/bi’li:f/ believe/bi’li:v/
excuse/iks’kju:s/ excuse/iks’kju:z/
以上只是词汇转化的一小部分,冰山一角,很难通过上面的一些举例就让学生掌握英语生词的构成,并充分理解带有生词的句子。单纯地讲解构词法并不能达到比较理想的效果。要想使学生有效地记住生词,就需要引导学生在理解的基础上去记忆、运用目标词汇。多朗诵比较熟悉的外国名著,通过有感情的朗读,加深对句子内在意思的解读,只有多读、多运用才是解决学生理解生词构成的最好方法。
参考文献
[1] 戴炜栋,何兆雄.新编简明英语语言学教程.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.
[2] Douglas Brown H.Teaching by Principles:an interactive approach to language pedagogy.Peking:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005.
[3] 章振邦.新编英语语法教程.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003.
(责任编辑杨子)
一、动词和名词的相互转化
1.动词转化为名词
(1)动词可以转化为名词,有时意思没有太大变化,如:Let me have a try.我来试一试。We stopped there for a swim.我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。This is for winter wear.Don’t make it to tight.这是冬天穿的,别做的太紧。这类名词常可和一动词构成短语,表示一个动作,如:have a look(chat,talk,wash,swim,rest,try,quarrel,smoke,lie,read,dream,run,fight,walk,ride)。
(2)动词转化为名词后有时意思有一定的变化,如:He was about the same build as his brother.他的体形和他哥哥差不多。Last year’s catch was four times that of 1986.去年的捕鱼量为1986年的4倍。He won two games; the other two were draws.他赢了两局,另外两局打平了。
2.名词转化为动词
(1)许多表示物件的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如:Have you booked your ticket?芽你的票订好了吗?Who chaired the meeting?芽谁主持会议?He pinned great hopes on us.他对我们寄托了很大希望。It can seat a thousand people.它能坐一千人。另外一些表示身体某部分的名词也可用来作动词:Hand in your exercise-books, please.请把练习本交上来。We’ll back you up.我们将作你们的后盾。
(2)一些表示某类人的名词也可用作动词,如:If so,we shall be badly fooled.如果这样我们就会上大当。He insisted on staying up to nurse the child. 他坚持不睡觉来护理这个小孩。
We were hosted by members of the embassy.我们受到大使馆成员的款待。Our aim is to save the patient and not to doctor him to death.我们的目的是把他的病治好,而不是把他治死。
(3)一些表示其他实物的名词也可用作动词,如:Each apartment can house a family of six.每套房间可以住一户六口之家。I hope we can room together.我希望我们能住同一个房间。
This helped to bridge over our difficulties.这帮助我们度过了困难。They flowered well but bore little fruit.它们花开得很好,但果结的不多。The pill is coated with sugar.药丸外面包有糖衣。
Executives,workers and technicians team up.行政人员、工人和技术人员组织在一起干。
(4)此外,还有一些抽象名词等可用作动词,如:Where do swallows winter?芽燕子在哪里过冬?We summered by Lake Geneva.我们在日内瓦湖畔度过夏天。For six days and nights they battled to save his life.他们苦战了六昼夜来抢救他的生命。Through my childhood,I had hungered for education.我从小就盼望上学。
二、形容词和副词转化为动词
1.有少部分形容词也可用作动词,如:The train slowed down to half its speed.火车速度慢了一半。This is the chief way of narrowing the difference between them.这是缩小他们之间差距的主要办法。Please warm up the dish over the stove.请把菜放在炉子上加热一下。The room gradually quieted down.屋里慢慢静了下来。
2.另外有个别副词可用作动词,如:This helped to further their unity.这帮助促进了他们的团结。(副—动)Truth will out.真相总会大白的。(副—动)3000 workers there downed tools.那儿3000工人罢工了。(副—动)Please forward the letter to my new address.
三、形容词转化为名词
有不少形容词可用作名词,如:Nobles constitued seven per cent of the population.贵族占人口的百分之七。He didn’t want to disturb the quiet needed by patients.他不愿打扰病人需要的安静环境。He’s a dear.他是个招人喜欢的孩子。Their jobless total reached a record high since 1940.他们的失业总人数达到1940年以来的最高峰。Our six-year-old is at school.我们六岁的孩子在上学了。
四、其他词之间的互相转化
1.除上述几种词语转化外,还有个别其他转化的情况,如:This is a repeat performance of their old policy.这是他们的故技重演。(动—形)They held a fancy dress ball.他们举行了一次化装舞会。(名—形)We began to march north.我们开始向北进军。(名—副)
2.有个别词在一定的场合下可用作名词:His argument contains too many ifs and buts.他在说理时“如果”和“但是”用得太多了。This book is a must for students of electronics.这是学电子学的一本必读书。Have you considered the why and how of the plan?芽你考虑过制定这样计划的原因和方式吗?Have you had a medical yet?芽你检查身体了吗?
五、词形不变,通过重音变化来转化成其他用途的词语
有一些词可以词形不变用作另一词类,但重音发生变化。较常见的是一些双音节词,作动词时重音在后,作名词时重音在前:
动词名词
accent/ k’sent/ 重读/’ksent/ 重音
combine/kзm’bain/合并/’k0mbain/康拜因
compress/kзm’pres/压紧/’k0mpres/止血垫布
六、通过改变词尾的清浊音来改变词汇
有些词通过改变词尾的清浊音来改变词类,有的拼法无变化,有的拼法也跟着变:
名词动词
abuse/з’bju:s/ abuse/з’bju:z/
advice/зd’vais/ advise/зd’vaiz/
belief/bi’li:f/ believe/bi’li:v/
excuse/iks’kju:s/ excuse/iks’kju:z/
以上只是词汇转化的一小部分,冰山一角,很难通过上面的一些举例就让学生掌握英语生词的构成,并充分理解带有生词的句子。单纯地讲解构词法并不能达到比较理想的效果。要想使学生有效地记住生词,就需要引导学生在理解的基础上去记忆、运用目标词汇。多朗诵比较熟悉的外国名著,通过有感情的朗读,加深对句子内在意思的解读,只有多读、多运用才是解决学生理解生词构成的最好方法。
参考文献
[1] 戴炜栋,何兆雄.新编简明英语语言学教程.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.
[2] Douglas Brown H.Teaching by Principles:an interactive approach to language pedagogy.Peking:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005.
[3] 章振邦.新编英语语法教程.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003.
(责任编辑杨子)