论文部分内容阅读
拿到一篇文章，你怎么读？仔仔细细地读，还是随便翻看，这似乎和个人兴趣有关。但在英语学习相关的阅读领域，学习上的功用成为选择的最重要标准。仔仔细细地读，所谓精读。随便翻看，所谓泛读。精读和泛读，虽然都是读，但窍门多多。
首先，我们来了解精读和泛读之间的不同点（见表一）。
一般认为，高中英语阶段，精读有助于对语法和句法的熟练培养，而泛读则有助于巩固单词和词组的记忆并能有效扩充词汇量，两者之间并无优劣之分。
其次，我们再来看看到底该如何选择精读和泛读。请看表二。
从表二中我们可以看出，在阅读的功能性上，泛读和精读是6：4，泛读的功能性略胜精读。对于高中学生来讲，平时要以泛读为主，精读为辅，因为高考考试时，受时间和考试心理等多个因素的影响，所以阅读理解事实上就是泛读。
那么，如何进行精读，又如何开展泛读呢？下面笔者就从2012年的高考阅读理解真题中随机选取几篇来举例说明。需要注意的是：虽然考试时的阅读属于泛读，但有些文章其实可以用来做精读材料，因此举例说明的时候，笔者会告诉你此文是否适合精读以及为什么。共有七篇，每篇仅摘取其起始段，一般从起始段就可以作判断。
A例——2012全国卷Ⅱ阅读理解C篇：
Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example， in Ameri-can culture （文化） the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A woman’ s smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion（困惑）across cultures．For example，many people in Russia consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places（although this is less common in big cities）. Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places，some Americans believe that Russians don’ t smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture，a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile．
分析：该篇部分句子稍长，可以精读，精读学习包括：主要动词carry，consider，cover等的用法，类词组如be determined by，in general，consider to be，across cultures，end with等的用法，短句Yet it also has other uses的写作借鉴价值，长句A woman’ s smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child中的定语从句和the same as的用法，以及文段中排比句的叙述方式，此外还要提取文章意思：面部表情的含义应当依具体情境和关系所定。文段以smile为例来说明，不仅提供了不同情境间的区别，还提供了多个国家的对比。另外此文也可以泛读，泛读就不需要分析长句的定语从句等用法了，而只需了解几个单词和词组的意思，对文章大意可理解为面部表情、微笑、多个国家、不同情境四个碎片含义就行了。泛读最主要的目标就是一口气读过去，快速抓取所需。
B例——2012福建卷B篇：
At exactly eleven Sir Percival knocked and entered，with anxiety and worry in every line of his face. This meeting would decide his future life，and he obviously knew it．
“You may wonder， Sir Percival，” said Laura calmly， “if I am going to ask to be released （免除）from my promise to marry you. I am not going to ask this. I respect my father's wishes too much．”
分析：笔者之所以选择了该文的两段来举例，是因为乍一看全篇文章皆由对话构成，但对话却从第二段开始。对话类的文章，只需泛读。这是因为对话类文章犹如生活中的对话，文意顺着说话人的意思顺流而下，而且对话类文章全文口语体较多，句式相对简单，所以此类文章100%推荐泛读。
C例——2012江苏卷C篇：
Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure．One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule， protecting them from the body-and the body from them-until they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger（引发）this release， including changing temperature， acidity， and so on. But triggers can come with their own risks—burns， for example. Now， researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light（NIR， 近红外线）on the drug in the capsule． 分析：该文多处出现专有名词，以泛读为宜。你只需要了解solution to this problem，动词trigger的用法，以及词组come with的含义就可以了。全文大意就在首句，如果无法在首句理解到全文意思，适当进一步读到第二句即可。由此，我们可以发现，专有名词较多的篇章最好采取泛读方式。另外，每篇泛读的文章，它每段的首句都应该精读。
D例——2012四川卷C篇：
I left university with a good degree in English Literature，but no sense of what I wanted to do. Over the next six years，I was treading water，just trying to earn an income. I tried journalism， but I didn’ t think I was any good，then finance，which I hated．Finally，I got a job as a rights assistant at a famous publisher. I loved working with books，although the job that I did was dull.
分析：此文有画线句且此段不长，故此段必须精读，但却是偏重理解能力的精读。从这个例子中，我们不难发现，精读和泛读所指向的范围并非以一篇文章为界定标准，有时一篇文章里，每个段落也存在精读和泛读的筛选，在高考中尤其如此，对画线句句意的理解是高考长盛不衰的题型，此段应精读。高考英语阅读理解整体上泛读，并不表示个别段落不需要精读，此例是很好的说明。
E例——2012浙江卷A篇：
Easter（复活节）is still a great day for worship，candy in baskets and running around the yard finding eggs，but every year it gets quite a bit worse for bunnies.
分析：专门介绍风俗习惯、节日、人物之类的文章，适合泛读，无需精读。这是因为这种特写类文章，往往有其核心。反过来，如果介绍的是多个节日、多种风俗、多位人物的文章，则适合精读，因为这样的文章需要比较映衬。
F例——2012湖北卷B篇：
When my brother and I were young，my mom would take us on Transportation Days.
分析：对于开头是一句话的文章，选择泛读往往比较划算。这是因为，开头只有一句话的文章，作者点题十分明显，读者容易获取大意。类似的也有以一句问句或祈使句开头的，如2012安徽卷B篇的起始段：Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys?和E篇起始段：Welcome to your future life!这两篇同样适合泛读。但多个问句做起始段的文章，则适合精读，如2012福建卷D篇起始段：Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well，apparently it's because we have mirror neurons（神经元）in our brains．这是因为连续的排比句（包括问句），说明作者语气较重、情绪强烈，此时就需要你深入理解，所以精读是上策。同时多个排比句出现时，文章之后的叙述必定起承转合，逻辑严密，在句法学习上，必定能有收获。
G例——2012海南卷：
Are you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to? Try some of these place... .
分析：列举类的文章适合泛读。同样的道理，高考英语中的应用文，也适合全篇泛读。因为应用文一般字体特别或者信息排列突出，主要信息容易获取，但其语法和句法功能一般也十分微弱，故泛读是最佳选择。
其实，精读和泛读，并非绝对的界限分明。一般而言，平时的学习中，若要精读，主要是全篇精读；若要泛读，主要是碎片泛读。考试中，若要精读，最多是个别段落精读，若要泛读，则是全篇泛读。
首先，我们来了解精读和泛读之间的不同点（见表一）。
一般认为，高中英语阶段，精读有助于对语法和句法的熟练培养，而泛读则有助于巩固单词和词组的记忆并能有效扩充词汇量，两者之间并无优劣之分。
其次，我们再来看看到底该如何选择精读和泛读。请看表二。
从表二中我们可以看出，在阅读的功能性上，泛读和精读是6：4，泛读的功能性略胜精读。对于高中学生来讲，平时要以泛读为主，精读为辅，因为高考考试时，受时间和考试心理等多个因素的影响，所以阅读理解事实上就是泛读。
那么，如何进行精读，又如何开展泛读呢？下面笔者就从2012年的高考阅读理解真题中随机选取几篇来举例说明。需要注意的是：虽然考试时的阅读属于泛读，但有些文章其实可以用来做精读材料，因此举例说明的时候，笔者会告诉你此文是否适合精读以及为什么。共有七篇，每篇仅摘取其起始段，一般从起始段就可以作判断。
A例——2012全国卷Ⅱ阅读理解C篇：
Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example， in Ameri-can culture （文化） the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A woman’ s smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion（困惑）across cultures．For example，many people in Russia consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places（although this is less common in big cities）. Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places，some Americans believe that Russians don’ t smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture，a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile．
分析：该篇部分句子稍长，可以精读，精读学习包括：主要动词carry，consider，cover等的用法，类词组如be determined by，in general，consider to be，across cultures，end with等的用法，短句Yet it also has other uses的写作借鉴价值，长句A woman’ s smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child中的定语从句和the same as的用法，以及文段中排比句的叙述方式，此外还要提取文章意思：面部表情的含义应当依具体情境和关系所定。文段以smile为例来说明，不仅提供了不同情境间的区别，还提供了多个国家的对比。另外此文也可以泛读，泛读就不需要分析长句的定语从句等用法了，而只需了解几个单词和词组的意思，对文章大意可理解为面部表情、微笑、多个国家、不同情境四个碎片含义就行了。泛读最主要的目标就是一口气读过去，快速抓取所需。
B例——2012福建卷B篇：
At exactly eleven Sir Percival knocked and entered，with anxiety and worry in every line of his face. This meeting would decide his future life，and he obviously knew it．
“You may wonder， Sir Percival，” said Laura calmly， “if I am going to ask to be released （免除）from my promise to marry you. I am not going to ask this. I respect my father's wishes too much．”
分析：笔者之所以选择了该文的两段来举例，是因为乍一看全篇文章皆由对话构成，但对话却从第二段开始。对话类的文章，只需泛读。这是因为对话类文章犹如生活中的对话，文意顺着说话人的意思顺流而下，而且对话类文章全文口语体较多，句式相对简单，所以此类文章100%推荐泛读。
C例——2012江苏卷C篇：
Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure．One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule， protecting them from the body-and the body from them-until they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger（引发）this release， including changing temperature， acidity， and so on. But triggers can come with their own risks—burns， for example. Now， researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light（NIR， 近红外线）on the drug in the capsule． 分析：该文多处出现专有名词，以泛读为宜。你只需要了解solution to this problem，动词trigger的用法，以及词组come with的含义就可以了。全文大意就在首句，如果无法在首句理解到全文意思，适当进一步读到第二句即可。由此，我们可以发现，专有名词较多的篇章最好采取泛读方式。另外，每篇泛读的文章，它每段的首句都应该精读。
D例——2012四川卷C篇：
I left university with a good degree in English Literature，but no sense of what I wanted to do. Over the next six years，I was treading water，just trying to earn an income. I tried journalism， but I didn’ t think I was any good，then finance，which I hated．Finally，I got a job as a rights assistant at a famous publisher. I loved working with books，although the job that I did was dull.
分析：此文有画线句且此段不长，故此段必须精读，但却是偏重理解能力的精读。从这个例子中，我们不难发现，精读和泛读所指向的范围并非以一篇文章为界定标准，有时一篇文章里，每个段落也存在精读和泛读的筛选，在高考中尤其如此，对画线句句意的理解是高考长盛不衰的题型，此段应精读。高考英语阅读理解整体上泛读，并不表示个别段落不需要精读，此例是很好的说明。
E例——2012浙江卷A篇：
Easter（复活节）is still a great day for worship，candy in baskets and running around the yard finding eggs，but every year it gets quite a bit worse for bunnies.
分析：专门介绍风俗习惯、节日、人物之类的文章，适合泛读，无需精读。这是因为这种特写类文章，往往有其核心。反过来，如果介绍的是多个节日、多种风俗、多位人物的文章，则适合精读，因为这样的文章需要比较映衬。
F例——2012湖北卷B篇：
When my brother and I were young，my mom would take us on Transportation Days.
分析：对于开头是一句话的文章，选择泛读往往比较划算。这是因为，开头只有一句话的文章，作者点题十分明显，读者容易获取大意。类似的也有以一句问句或祈使句开头的，如2012安徽卷B篇的起始段：Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys?和E篇起始段：Welcome to your future life!这两篇同样适合泛读。但多个问句做起始段的文章，则适合精读，如2012福建卷D篇起始段：Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well，apparently it's because we have mirror neurons（神经元）in our brains．这是因为连续的排比句（包括问句），说明作者语气较重、情绪强烈，此时就需要你深入理解，所以精读是上策。同时多个排比句出现时，文章之后的叙述必定起承转合，逻辑严密，在句法学习上，必定能有收获。
G例——2012海南卷：
Are you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to? Try some of these place... .
分析：列举类的文章适合泛读。同样的道理，高考英语中的应用文，也适合全篇泛读。因为应用文一般字体特别或者信息排列突出，主要信息容易获取，但其语法和句法功能一般也十分微弱，故泛读是最佳选择。
其实，精读和泛读，并非绝对的界限分明。一般而言，平时的学习中，若要精读，主要是全篇精读；若要泛读，主要是碎片泛读。考试中，若要精读，最多是个别段落精读，若要泛读，则是全篇泛读。