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在HowAisNP句式中 ,A为可分级反义词对中的无标记项 ,其词汇意义应是“中性化”了的 ,即不带极的偏向性。语言事实表明 ,具有这种“中性化”能力的词极其有限。本文特别说明 ,过去认为在HowAisNP中A应是“无标记成分”的提法太笼统。本文通过对可分级反义词的标记特征作出精细的描写 ,指出反义词中的无标记项其意义要能“中性化” ,必须满足两个条件 :( 1)必要条件 :其语义特征反映了客观事物的自身属性 ;( 2 )充分条件 :其语义特征能覆盖该对反义词两极所在的整个概念范围。这些限制性条件实质上是事物客观规律在语言运用中的投影 ,即这里的语法规则和语义范畴是现实规则通过思维作为媒介向语言的投影。这也反映了句法学中一个基本原理 :词语的语义范围的大小同其句法活动能力的强弱呈正比例关系。
In the HowAisNP sentence pattern, A is a unmarked item in a scalable antonym pair, and its lexical meaning should be “neutralized”, that is, without bias. The fact of language shows that the term “neutralizing” is extremely limited. In particular, the article states that the terms used to be “unmarked” in HowAisNP in the past were too generic. In this paper, we elaborate on the labeling features of scalable antonym, and point out that the meaning of unmarked items in antonyms should be “neutralized”. Two conditions must be satisfied: (1) The necessary conditions: the semantic features of them reflect the objective things (2) Sufficient condition: its semantic features can cover the entire concept scope of the two poles of the pair of antonyms. These restrictive conditions are essentially the projection of the objective law of things in the use of language. That is, the grammatical rules and semantic categories here are the projection of reality rules through the medium of thinking as a medium. This also reflects a basic principle in syntax: the size of the semantic range of words is directly proportional to the strength of syntactic activity.