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1871年,台湾牡丹社人错杀漂至台湾的琉球人,引起中日争端,日本趁机派员驻琉球代办一切外交事项,并于1874年大举进攻台湾,迫使清廷缔结中日《北京专条》,造成清廷在中日交涉中处于被动地位。1875年6月,日本内务大丞松田道之前往琉球宣告琉球改制,强迫琉球改奉日本年号,停止对清政府的一切臣属关系。此举引起中国朝野轰动,史称“球案”。“球案”发生后,清政府根据琉球国王的求援,基于历史上长期存在的对琉球的保护义务,同日本进行多次交涉。与此同时,清廷朝野各抒己见,出谋划策,围绕“球案”与诸国对华的关系问题展开讨论,以寻求解决方案。在“球案”的整个处理过程中,手握清廷通商、外交、海防等大权的直隶总督兼北洋通商事务大臣李鸿章,起着举足轻重的作用。
In 1871, the people of Taiwan’s Peony Society mistook and killed the Ryukyuans who blew onto Taiwan, causing a dispute between China and Japan. Japan took the opportunity to send all its diplomatic affairs in Ryukyu and conducted massive attacks on Taiwan in 1874, forcing the Qing government to conclude the “Beijing Special Article ”, Resulting in the Qing court in the negotiation of China in a passive position. In June 1875, Ryukyu was proclaimed as a Ryukyu ballot to reform the Ryukyu system before Japan’s grand shrine Matsuda Road, Japan, forcing Ryukyu to change the Japanese title and cease all subordination to the Qing government. The move caused a sensation in China’s ruling and opposition parties, known as the “ball case.” After the “ball case” took place, the Qing government made several representations with Japan on the basis of the long-standing protection obligation to Ryukyu in accordance with the Ryukyu King’s request. At the same time, both the government and the government of the Qing dynasty expressed their opinions and made suggestions and plans, discussing the relationship between the “ball case” and other countries’ relations with China and seeking solutions. During the entire handling of the “ball case,” Li Hongzhang, the governor of the Chihli Province and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of North Korea, who held the Qing power in the business, diplomacy and defense of Haiphong, played a decisive role.