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近年来,亚单位疫苗、DNA重组疫苗、合成肽疫苗等新型疫苗不断涌现,这些疫苗纯度高、特异性强。但其分子小,免疫原性较差,难以诱导机体产生有效的免疫应答,需添加佐剂来增强其免疫原性或增强宿主对抗原的保护性应答。免疫学的研究阐明了固有免疫如何调节适应性免疫。随着固有免疫学的发展和生化技术的提高,开发特异性更强、生物安全性更高的免疫佐剂越来越受到重视。对佐剂的分类、作用机理,固有免疫学的研究进展进行了综述,并就未来发展趋势提出自己的观点,为临床应用和进一步研制高效、低毒的免疫佐剂提供了参考。
In recent years, new vaccines such as subunit vaccines, recombinant DNA vaccines and synthetic peptide vaccines continue to emerge. These vaccines are of high purity and specificity. But its small molecule, poor immunogenicity, it is difficult to induce the body to produce an effective immune response, the need to add adjuvants to enhance its immunogenicity or enhance the host’s protective response to the antigen. Immunological studies have elucidated how innate immunity regulates adaptive immunity. With the development of innate immunology and the improvement of biochemical technology, it is more and more important to develop immuno-adjuvant with stronger specificity and higher biological safety. The classification of adjuvant, the mechanism of action and the progress of innate immunology are reviewed. Some opinions on the future development trend are provided, which provide a reference for clinical application and further development of high efficiency and low toxicity immune adjuvant.