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染色体操作技术又称染色体工程,是选择和利用动植物细胞染色体畸变的生物技术。染色体的畸变可分为两大类。一类是染色体数目的变化,包括个别染色体的增减和成套染色体的增减两种,前者叫异倍体变异,加单体、三体等,它们大多生活力很差;后者叫多倍体变异,如单倍体、三倍体等,它们往往表现出某些优良的经济性状。另一类是染色体结构的变化,即通过染色体缺失、重复、倒位和易位四种方式,使染色体的基因重新排列,导致生物畸型、死亡和配子不育等,但掌握了它的规律也可在育种上加以利用。
Chromosome manipulation technology, also known as chromosome engineering, is a biotechnology that selects and uses chromosomal aberrations in plant and animal cells. Chromosome aberrations can be divided into two categories. One is the change in the number of chromosomes, including the increase and decrease of individual chromosomes and sets of chromosomes, two kinds of increase and decrease, the former called aneuploidy variation, plus monomer, trisomy, most of them are very poor vitality; Body variations, such as haploid, triploid, etc., tend to show some good economic traits. The other is the change of chromosome structure, that is, through the chromosome deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation in four ways, rearrange the chromosome genes, leading to biological abnormalities, death and gametes, etc., but mastered its rules Can be used in breeding.