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摘 要:如何提高学生的书面表达,这是许多英语教师苦苦探索并急于解决的问题。本文从教学的实践层面出发,归纳了学生书面表达中常犯的错误,并以一篇高考的书面表达的写作流程为例,提出具有可操作性且效果比较理想的方法。
关键词:英语教学;书面表达;技巧与策略
笔者认为一篇较有水平的的英语作文,必须在语用、语法结构以及表达的多样性和灵活性上有所体现,同时也要恰当使用过渡性词语。笔者结合自己平时的书面表达的教学,抓住以下的教学环节,环环相扣,引领学生认真地进行训练,使学生在书面表达上逐渐形成自己的写作技巧,达到应用自如。
一、基础三步
1.审题。审题:即审要求,审人称,审时态,审要点。对所给的作文文字,图表,或者图画等材料进行分析和研究,看懂题目的要求,判断文章的时态,分析人称,明确要点。如2007年全国高考江苏卷的书面表达。
试题要求考生根据所给的文字提示,介绍这个活动,表达以下内容:教育部活动的内容,“我们”学生为什么要参与这项活动,以及意义。作为学生代表,谈谈自己的看法。要求词数是120个左右,语言表达清晰,行文逻辑连贯,标点准确,符合要求。
通过审题,考生必须明确以下的要求:
(1)确定写作的人称:第一人称。
(2)确定写作的内容:活动的原因,活动的意义,以及个人的观点。
(3)确定用什么时态:一般现在时态
2.列和译。根据审题列出下面的要点,以简单的动词搭建句子的结构。教师可以用小组讨论的形式,将小组讨论得出的结果呈现给全班同学,这样做既尊重了学生的已有的知识经验,又帮助学生把新环境提供的信息重组到原有的认知结构中,激活学生的思维,启发他们进行发现、思考、归纳,鼓励他们提出自己的观点。
▲要求学生每天锻炼一小时 require students to take exercise one hour a day
▲大部分学生忙于作业 be busy with homework
▲没有时间锻炼 have no time to take exercise
▲有的学校体育课被取消 PE classes are cancelled in some schools
▲学生近视率高 become shortsighted
▲体质不断下降 Our health is declining
▲体育锻炼可以放松身心 relax
▲增强体质 build up body
▲通过体育锻炼 by taking exercise
▲培养合作精神和毅力等 develop cooperation and persistence
这样对学生语言知识的复习和积累均有好处,同时也有利于学生提高自我观点的表达方法。
3.串词成句,串句成文。根据文本的内容,把文本简单地串联。学生要写出准确、地道的英语句子是写作的重要目标。学生要尽量用英语思维,使用一些常用的句型或者习惯的表达法,避免汉语式英语。
习作1:
Sunshine Physical Education requires us students to take sports at least one hour for a day.
Most of us are busy with homework. We have no time to take exercise. PE classes have been cancelled in some schools. More and more students become shortsighted. Our health is declining.
Having sports will relax us. It can also build up our body. By taking exercise, students can learn to cooperate with each other and develop our spirits.
In my opinion, physical education is necessary. Only in this way can we be healthy. We can live a happy life.
二、巧妙利用连词和衔接短语
适当的连词和衔接短语可以给文章增色,使文章浑然一体,语句流畅。教师应该让学生领悟衔接语的含义和作用,并指导他们在写作中灵活地运用:1)使行文连贯,语篇紧凑;2)帮助读者理顺句子间的逻辑关系,弥补词汇表意的不足;3)在语篇中帮助构建框架,使文章结构更趋合理。
习作2:
Most of us are so busy with homework that we have no time to take exercise. Whats more, PE classes are cancelled in some schools. As a result, more and more students become shortsighted and our health is declining.
However, having sports will not only relax us, but also build up our body. Besides, by taking exercise, students can learn to cooperate with each other and develop our spirits.
In my opinion, physical education is necessary. Only in this way can we be healthy. Meanwhile, we can live a happy life. 三、高级词汇和丰富的句式的使用
1.高级词汇
词汇的选择处处体现着作者的词汇能力和整体的英语水平。学生喜欢在书面表达中大量地使用初中词汇,不使用高中词汇,一方面是由于他们习惯偷懒;另一方面则是在学生的大脑中存在大量的休眠词汇。休眠的词汇是指你认识它们,却没有主动使用它们。所以教师在平时的英语书面表达的教学中要多鼓励学生自信地展示自我语言实力,唤醒大脑中沉睡的高级词汇。如:
increase steadily, decrease sharply→experience a steady (上接第46页)
increase, undergo a sharp decrease
very, very much→extremely
surprised→shocked, frightened, amazed
I am afraid→terrified, frightened,I am scared to death
clever→smart
all kinds of→a variety of, various
tired→exhausted
think→an idea strikes sb; it occurs to sb. that
important→of great importance
2.句式表达的多样性和丰富性
行文中善于使用丰富多彩的句型,也是写作能得高分的原因之一。因此在训练中,教师也应鼓励学生尽量使用学过的句型,如倒装、强调、非谓语、省略等,并注意简单句与复合句的使用。
习作3:
The majority of us are so occupied with homework that we cant spare time to take exercise. Whats more, it is said that PE classes are cancelled in some schools. As a result, the number of students who become shortsighted is increasing and our health is declining.
Not only will having sports relax us, but also build up our body. Besides, it is by taking exercise that students are given a chance to cooperate with each other and develop determination
But for me, it is necessary to take physical education. Only in this way can we be healthy. Meanwhile, we can live a happy life.
如何提高学生的书面表达,这是许多英语教师苦苦探索并急于解决的问题。本文从教学的实践层面出发,归纳了学生书面表达中常犯的错误,并以一篇高考的书面表达的写作流程为例,提出具有可操作性且效果比较理想的方法。详细地告诉学生如何布局谋篇,娴熟地运用过渡性词语,使文章浑然一体、无懈可击;而关注遣词造句,能够运用高级的词汇,修饰润色,让文章更具文采,则会让学生写出漂亮的文章。
[参考文献]
[1]王莉.高三学生英语书面表达存在的问题及对策.基础教育外语教学研究,2003(09).
[2]沈正南.衔接词在书面表达中的妙用[J].基础教育外语教学研究,2008(11).
[3]李震.谈高考英语写作中的词汇运用策略.中学外语教与学,2008(11).
[4]吴建勋.做好高中英语书面表达题的五个关键环节.中学生英语·高中版,2008(33).
关键词:英语教学;书面表达;技巧与策略
笔者认为一篇较有水平的的英语作文,必须在语用、语法结构以及表达的多样性和灵活性上有所体现,同时也要恰当使用过渡性词语。笔者结合自己平时的书面表达的教学,抓住以下的教学环节,环环相扣,引领学生认真地进行训练,使学生在书面表达上逐渐形成自己的写作技巧,达到应用自如。
一、基础三步
1.审题。审题:即审要求,审人称,审时态,审要点。对所给的作文文字,图表,或者图画等材料进行分析和研究,看懂题目的要求,判断文章的时态,分析人称,明确要点。如2007年全国高考江苏卷的书面表达。
试题要求考生根据所给的文字提示,介绍这个活动,表达以下内容:教育部活动的内容,“我们”学生为什么要参与这项活动,以及意义。作为学生代表,谈谈自己的看法。要求词数是120个左右,语言表达清晰,行文逻辑连贯,标点准确,符合要求。
通过审题,考生必须明确以下的要求:
(1)确定写作的人称:第一人称。
(2)确定写作的内容:活动的原因,活动的意义,以及个人的观点。
(3)确定用什么时态:一般现在时态
2.列和译。根据审题列出下面的要点,以简单的动词搭建句子的结构。教师可以用小组讨论的形式,将小组讨论得出的结果呈现给全班同学,这样做既尊重了学生的已有的知识经验,又帮助学生把新环境提供的信息重组到原有的认知结构中,激活学生的思维,启发他们进行发现、思考、归纳,鼓励他们提出自己的观点。
▲要求学生每天锻炼一小时 require students to take exercise one hour a day
▲大部分学生忙于作业 be busy with homework
▲没有时间锻炼 have no time to take exercise
▲有的学校体育课被取消 PE classes are cancelled in some schools
▲学生近视率高 become shortsighted
▲体质不断下降 Our health is declining
▲体育锻炼可以放松身心 relax
▲增强体质 build up body
▲通过体育锻炼 by taking exercise
▲培养合作精神和毅力等 develop cooperation and persistence
这样对学生语言知识的复习和积累均有好处,同时也有利于学生提高自我观点的表达方法。
3.串词成句,串句成文。根据文本的内容,把文本简单地串联。学生要写出准确、地道的英语句子是写作的重要目标。学生要尽量用英语思维,使用一些常用的句型或者习惯的表达法,避免汉语式英语。
习作1:
Sunshine Physical Education requires us students to take sports at least one hour for a day.
Most of us are busy with homework. We have no time to take exercise. PE classes have been cancelled in some schools. More and more students become shortsighted. Our health is declining.
Having sports will relax us. It can also build up our body. By taking exercise, students can learn to cooperate with each other and develop our spirits.
In my opinion, physical education is necessary. Only in this way can we be healthy. We can live a happy life.
二、巧妙利用连词和衔接短语
适当的连词和衔接短语可以给文章增色,使文章浑然一体,语句流畅。教师应该让学生领悟衔接语的含义和作用,并指导他们在写作中灵活地运用:1)使行文连贯,语篇紧凑;2)帮助读者理顺句子间的逻辑关系,弥补词汇表意的不足;3)在语篇中帮助构建框架,使文章结构更趋合理。
习作2:
Most of us are so busy with homework that we have no time to take exercise. Whats more, PE classes are cancelled in some schools. As a result, more and more students become shortsighted and our health is declining.
However, having sports will not only relax us, but also build up our body. Besides, by taking exercise, students can learn to cooperate with each other and develop our spirits.
In my opinion, physical education is necessary. Only in this way can we be healthy. Meanwhile, we can live a happy life. 三、高级词汇和丰富的句式的使用
1.高级词汇
词汇的选择处处体现着作者的词汇能力和整体的英语水平。学生喜欢在书面表达中大量地使用初中词汇,不使用高中词汇,一方面是由于他们习惯偷懒;另一方面则是在学生的大脑中存在大量的休眠词汇。休眠的词汇是指你认识它们,却没有主动使用它们。所以教师在平时的英语书面表达的教学中要多鼓励学生自信地展示自我语言实力,唤醒大脑中沉睡的高级词汇。如:
increase steadily, decrease sharply→experience a steady (上接第46页)
increase, undergo a sharp decrease
very, very much→extremely
surprised→shocked, frightened, amazed
I am afraid→terrified, frightened,I am scared to death
clever→smart
all kinds of→a variety of, various
tired→exhausted
think→an idea strikes sb; it occurs to sb. that
important→of great importance
2.句式表达的多样性和丰富性
行文中善于使用丰富多彩的句型,也是写作能得高分的原因之一。因此在训练中,教师也应鼓励学生尽量使用学过的句型,如倒装、强调、非谓语、省略等,并注意简单句与复合句的使用。
习作3:
The majority of us are so occupied with homework that we cant spare time to take exercise. Whats more, it is said that PE classes are cancelled in some schools. As a result, the number of students who become shortsighted is increasing and our health is declining.
Not only will having sports relax us, but also build up our body. Besides, it is by taking exercise that students are given a chance to cooperate with each other and develop determination
But for me, it is necessary to take physical education. Only in this way can we be healthy. Meanwhile, we can live a happy life.
如何提高学生的书面表达,这是许多英语教师苦苦探索并急于解决的问题。本文从教学的实践层面出发,归纳了学生书面表达中常犯的错误,并以一篇高考的书面表达的写作流程为例,提出具有可操作性且效果比较理想的方法。详细地告诉学生如何布局谋篇,娴熟地运用过渡性词语,使文章浑然一体、无懈可击;而关注遣词造句,能够运用高级的词汇,修饰润色,让文章更具文采,则会让学生写出漂亮的文章。
[参考文献]
[1]王莉.高三学生英语书面表达存在的问题及对策.基础教育外语教学研究,2003(09).
[2]沈正南.衔接词在书面表达中的妙用[J].基础教育外语教学研究,2008(11).
[3]李震.谈高考英语写作中的词汇运用策略.中学外语教与学,2008(11).
[4]吴建勋.做好高中英语书面表达题的五个关键环节.中学生英语·高中版,2008(33).