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Abstract:With the development of economic globalization, cultural exchange is in high demand of the world increasingly. Translation is a significant means of prompting communication between different countries and cultures. Generally speaking, translation refers to the bilingual transferring activity. According to Nida “Translating consists in producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, second in terms of style.” (Nida @ Taber, 1982: 12) Because of the disparity between English and Chinese, it is not a easy and simple task to translate one into the other. Although there are not a few books studying in the field of translation, there is still much room for further study. The purpose of this thesis is to widen techniques of translation focusing on translating long sentences from English into Chinese. Basically, in this thesis the translation method is developed by the unit of translation: sense group.
Key words:English long sentences units of translation sense group method
摘要：随着经济全球化的发展，这个世界越来越需要文化交流。翻译是促进不同国家间文化交流的重要手段。一般而言，翻译是双语言之间的交换活动。翻译理论家奈达认为“所谓的翻译是指在译语中使用自然而又最确切的对等语再现原语信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。”因为英汉两种语言存在差异，所以这两种语言的转化不太容易。尽管关于翻译方面的书籍不少,但仍有深入研究的空间。这篇论文的目的就是拓展英语长句汉译的方法。这篇论文中的翻译法是在以意群为翻译单位的基础上发展而来的。
关键词:英语长句翻译 翻译单位意群方法
Ⅰ、 The Definition of Translation
What is translation? Some scholars think that translation is an activity which is transferring the thoughts of a language by using another language. According to Fan Zhongying, Translation is a bridge of human communication. Translation is not to get something completely identical, but to produce the version of receptor language felt similar with the source language by readers. “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style.” (Nida, 1982: 12) These views have reflected the essence of translation. Because of the differences between the languages and their cultures, translating is not to get something absolutely same, but to produce the closest natural equivalent to the source language message in the receptor language. Equivalence is the closest possible approximation to the source language message.
Ⅱ、 Sense Groups as Units in an English Long Sentence
What is the unit of translation? Dealing with this problem helps us translate long sentences. A translation theorist of the Soviet Union defined the unit of translation as the smallest unit of equivalent to the source language in the target language (巴尔胡达罗夫，1985：145).He divided the unit of translation into six levels: level of phoneme, level of morpheme, level of word, level of phrase, level of sentence, level of discourseand put forward the proposition that translation at the proper level is equivalent translation, translation at lower level is word-for-word and mechanical one and translation at higher level is free translation(巴尔胡达罗夫，1985:157-160). Sense groups are able to be the small units in an English long sentence. “Sense group can independently express a complex or a simple conception or thought.”(管兴平，2006：83) We cut a long sentence into sense groups when these signs, conjunctions, prepositions (the word “of “as an exception), and punctuations, have been seen in this sentence.
Ⅲ、 Cutting Method of Translation
Cutting method is easy and convenient for translators, especially those who are just starting to learn how to translate long sentences from English to Chinese. There are three steps in the cutting method of English long sentences’ translation. Let us illustrate the process of translating by employing the example.
Original English: It is nothing else than impurities prenatal inherent in ore that seriously affect the quality of the latter, which is formed as a result of geological vicissitudes including diastrophic movement, eruption of volcano, sedimentation, glaciations，and weathering etc., under the action of which gynogenic rocks, volcanic complex, aqueous rocks, sedimentary rocks etc., come into being, some of which exist in a stage of symbiosis, the main cause of the absence of pure rocks in nature, wherein lies the reason for the need of separation technology and apparatus, namely, ore-dressing devices and equipment, (which has been) so far impotent to meet the requirements of metallurgical industry the scientists make every endeavor to elevate to a new high by laser separation.
Step 1. Cut a long sentence into several sense groups. We cut the sentence into sense groups when these signs, conjunctions, prepositions (the word “of “as an exception), and punctuations, have been seen in this sentence.
It is nothing else /than impurities prenatal inherent/ in ore /that seriously affect the quality of the latter, /which is formed as a result of geological vicissitudes including diastrophic movement,/ eruption of volcano,/ sedimentation, /glaciations，/and weathering etc.,/ under the action /of which gynogenic rocks, /volcanic complex, /aqueous rocks, /sedimentary rocks etc., /come into being, /some of which exist/ in a stage of symbiosis,/ the main cause of the absence of pure rocks/ in nature, /wherein lies the reason/for the need of separation technology /and apparatus, /namely, ore-dressing devices /and equipment, /(which has been) so far impotent /to meet the requirements of metallurgical industry the scientists make every endeavor /to elevate /to a new high /by laser separation. //
Step 2. Translate those sense groups into Chinese respectively. It is superior to use short sentences instead of long sentences, to use verbs instead of nouns, to use nouns instead of pronouns, to use positive voice instead of negative voice, to use repetition instead of variation of words, and to use concrete words instead of abstract words in Chinese while English is opposite. Besides, the omitted parts in English should be completed in Chinese.
没有什么/比天然固有杂质/在岩石中/严重地影响了矿石的质量/矿石是由地质化形成的，这些地质变化包括地壳变迁运动/火山爆发/沉积作用/冰川作用/和风化作用等/在上述地质变化的作用下/火成岩/火山杂岩/水成岩/和沉积岩等/生成了/上述这些岩石中有些处于/共生状态/这也是没有纯净矿石的主要原因/在自然界/其原因就在于/需要分离技术/与器械/即选矿装置/与设备/迄今为止(分离技术与器械)尚不足/满足冶金工业的需要，科学家们正力图/把冶金工业提高到一个新水平/通过利用激光分离机。//
Step 3. Rearrange the order of Chinese. The loose and incoherent Chinese sentences need to be rearranged into a coherent Chinese text. First, grasp the main idea of the sentence. Second, rearrangement of Chinese sentences generally follows the patterns: cause before effect, background before the main events, events that happened earlier before that has happened later.
矿石是由地址变化形成的，这些地质变化包括地壳变迁运动﹑火山爆发﹑沉积作用﹑冰川作用和风化作用等。在上述地质变化的作用下，生成了火成岩﹑火山杂岩﹑水成岩和沉积岩等。正是岩石中的天固有杂质影响了矿石的质量。上
述这些岩石中有些处于共生状态，这也是自然界没有纯净矿石的原因。人们之所以需要分离技术与器械即选矿装置与设备，其原因就在于此。迄今为止，分离技术与器械尚不足以适应冶金工业的需要，科学家们正力图利用激光分离机把冶金工业提高到一个新水平。
When a discourse which contains several sentences is required to be translated, we draw a mark “//” at the end of each sentence first to divide the discourse into sentences as the units of this discourse and then divide each sentence into one or more sense groups as the smaller units in each sentence with drawing the mark “/”. Next, we start the translation sentence by sentence.
Ⅳ、 Conclusion
In this paper, three parts have been presented. Firstly, It tells the definition of translation, which has great significance of deciding the good standard of translation.Secondly, Regarding sense groups as the units in translation benefits us in the process of translation. Thirdly, sense groups as units in an English long sentence are used in cutting method in translation.
As for the limitation of this research, this paper leaves some problems for further study. Translation is not only a simple linguistic transfer of contents, but a decision-making process constrained by other factors: style, textual coherence and translator’s manipulation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY：
[1] Nida, Eugene A. and Taber, Charles R. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1982b: 12.
[2] 巴尔胡达罗夫, 蔡毅等译. 语言与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公1985：145，157-160.
[3] 范仲英.实用翻译教程[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994：13.
[4] 管兴平, 何志平. 汉英等效翻译[M]. 广州：华南理工大学出版社，2006：83.
Key words:English long sentences units of translation sense group method
摘要：随着经济全球化的发展，这个世界越来越需要文化交流。翻译是促进不同国家间文化交流的重要手段。一般而言，翻译是双语言之间的交换活动。翻译理论家奈达认为“所谓的翻译是指在译语中使用自然而又最确切的对等语再现原语信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。”因为英汉两种语言存在差异，所以这两种语言的转化不太容易。尽管关于翻译方面的书籍不少,但仍有深入研究的空间。这篇论文的目的就是拓展英语长句汉译的方法。这篇论文中的翻译法是在以意群为翻译单位的基础上发展而来的。
关键词:英语长句翻译 翻译单位意群方法
Ⅰ、 The Definition of Translation
What is translation? Some scholars think that translation is an activity which is transferring the thoughts of a language by using another language. According to Fan Zhongying, Translation is a bridge of human communication. Translation is not to get something completely identical, but to produce the version of receptor language felt similar with the source language by readers. “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style.” (Nida, 1982: 12) These views have reflected the essence of translation. Because of the differences between the languages and their cultures, translating is not to get something absolutely same, but to produce the closest natural equivalent to the source language message in the receptor language. Equivalence is the closest possible approximation to the source language message.
Ⅱ、 Sense Groups as Units in an English Long Sentence
What is the unit of translation? Dealing with this problem helps us translate long sentences. A translation theorist of the Soviet Union defined the unit of translation as the smallest unit of equivalent to the source language in the target language (巴尔胡达罗夫，1985：145).He divided the unit of translation into six levels: level of phoneme, level of morpheme, level of word, level of phrase, level of sentence, level of discourseand put forward the proposition that translation at the proper level is equivalent translation, translation at lower level is word-for-word and mechanical one and translation at higher level is free translation(巴尔胡达罗夫，1985:157-160). Sense groups are able to be the small units in an English long sentence. “Sense group can independently express a complex or a simple conception or thought.”(管兴平，2006：83) We cut a long sentence into sense groups when these signs, conjunctions, prepositions (the word “of “as an exception), and punctuations, have been seen in this sentence.
Ⅲ、 Cutting Method of Translation
Cutting method is easy and convenient for translators, especially those who are just starting to learn how to translate long sentences from English to Chinese. There are three steps in the cutting method of English long sentences’ translation. Let us illustrate the process of translating by employing the example.
Original English: It is nothing else than impurities prenatal inherent in ore that seriously affect the quality of the latter, which is formed as a result of geological vicissitudes including diastrophic movement, eruption of volcano, sedimentation, glaciations，and weathering etc., under the action of which gynogenic rocks, volcanic complex, aqueous rocks, sedimentary rocks etc., come into being, some of which exist in a stage of symbiosis, the main cause of the absence of pure rocks in nature, wherein lies the reason for the need of separation technology and apparatus, namely, ore-dressing devices and equipment, (which has been) so far impotent to meet the requirements of metallurgical industry the scientists make every endeavor to elevate to a new high by laser separation.
Step 1. Cut a long sentence into several sense groups. We cut the sentence into sense groups when these signs, conjunctions, prepositions (the word “of “as an exception), and punctuations, have been seen in this sentence.
It is nothing else /than impurities prenatal inherent/ in ore /that seriously affect the quality of the latter, /which is formed as a result of geological vicissitudes including diastrophic movement,/ eruption of volcano,/ sedimentation, /glaciations，/and weathering etc.,/ under the action /of which gynogenic rocks, /volcanic complex, /aqueous rocks, /sedimentary rocks etc., /come into being, /some of which exist/ in a stage of symbiosis,/ the main cause of the absence of pure rocks/ in nature, /wherein lies the reason/for the need of separation technology /and apparatus, /namely, ore-dressing devices /and equipment, /(which has been) so far impotent /to meet the requirements of metallurgical industry the scientists make every endeavor /to elevate /to a new high /by laser separation. //
Step 2. Translate those sense groups into Chinese respectively. It is superior to use short sentences instead of long sentences, to use verbs instead of nouns, to use nouns instead of pronouns, to use positive voice instead of negative voice, to use repetition instead of variation of words, and to use concrete words instead of abstract words in Chinese while English is opposite. Besides, the omitted parts in English should be completed in Chinese.
没有什么/比天然固有杂质/在岩石中/严重地影响了矿石的质量/矿石是由地质化形成的，这些地质变化包括地壳变迁运动/火山爆发/沉积作用/冰川作用/和风化作用等/在上述地质变化的作用下/火成岩/火山杂岩/水成岩/和沉积岩等/生成了/上述这些岩石中有些处于/共生状态/这也是没有纯净矿石的主要原因/在自然界/其原因就在于/需要分离技术/与器械/即选矿装置/与设备/迄今为止(分离技术与器械)尚不足/满足冶金工业的需要，科学家们正力图/把冶金工业提高到一个新水平/通过利用激光分离机。//
Step 3. Rearrange the order of Chinese. The loose and incoherent Chinese sentences need to be rearranged into a coherent Chinese text. First, grasp the main idea of the sentence. Second, rearrangement of Chinese sentences generally follows the patterns: cause before effect, background before the main events, events that happened earlier before that has happened later.
矿石是由地址变化形成的，这些地质变化包括地壳变迁运动﹑火山爆发﹑沉积作用﹑冰川作用和风化作用等。在上述地质变化的作用下，生成了火成岩﹑火山杂岩﹑水成岩和沉积岩等。正是岩石中的天固有杂质影响了矿石的质量。上
述这些岩石中有些处于共生状态，这也是自然界没有纯净矿石的原因。人们之所以需要分离技术与器械即选矿装置与设备，其原因就在于此。迄今为止，分离技术与器械尚不足以适应冶金工业的需要，科学家们正力图利用激光分离机把冶金工业提高到一个新水平。
When a discourse which contains several sentences is required to be translated, we draw a mark “//” at the end of each sentence first to divide the discourse into sentences as the units of this discourse and then divide each sentence into one or more sense groups as the smaller units in each sentence with drawing the mark “/”. Next, we start the translation sentence by sentence.
Ⅳ、 Conclusion
In this paper, three parts have been presented. Firstly, It tells the definition of translation, which has great significance of deciding the good standard of translation.Secondly, Regarding sense groups as the units in translation benefits us in the process of translation. Thirdly, sense groups as units in an English long sentence are used in cutting method in translation.
As for the limitation of this research, this paper leaves some problems for further study. Translation is not only a simple linguistic transfer of contents, but a decision-making process constrained by other factors: style, textual coherence and translator’s manipulation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY：
[1] Nida, Eugene A. and Taber, Charles R. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1982b: 12.
[2] 巴尔胡达罗夫, 蔡毅等译. 语言与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公1985：145，157-160.
[3] 范仲英.实用翻译教程[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994：13.
[4] 管兴平, 何志平. 汉英等效翻译[M]. 广州：华南理工大学出版社，2006：83.