小说有什么样的特征?小说的灵魂在哪里?对诸如此类的问题,古今中外的作家、评论家发表了大量的论述,但却难有定论。大家各持己见,依然糊涂着。倒是有一位波兰哲学家、现象学美学家罗曼·英加登,在1931年发表了代表作《文学的艺术作品》,阐述了文学作品的存在方式和基本特征等问题,认为文学作品最高的审美价值是贯穿在整个文本中的那种“形而上学性质”。他说:“艺术特别可以使我们得到我们在现实生活中永远不能获得的东西,至少就微观世界和作为反 What are the characteristics of the novel? The novel’s soul where? For such issues, writers and critics at home and abroad published a large number of expositions, but difficult to determine. We all see each other, still confused. Instead, there was a Polish philosopher and phenomenological aesthetist Roman Ingarden, who published his masterpiece ”Literary Works of Art“ in 1931, expounded the existence and basic characteristics of literary works, and held that the highest aesthetic value of literary works is The ”metaphysical nature“ throughout the text. He said: ”Art can, in particular, give us access to what we can never obtain in real life, at least in the micro-world and as anti