一、官能团的引入(1)引入羟基的途径有:加成法(烯烃加H2O、醛酮加氢等)和水解法(卤代烃的水解、酯的水解、醇钠的水解、酚钠盐溶液中通入CO2等)。(2)引入醛基的途径有:氧化法(伯醇的氧化、烯烃的氧化)和炔烃的水化。(3)引入羧基的途径有:氧化法(醛基的氧化、苯的同系物的氧化等 First, the introduction of functional groups (1) introduction of hydroxyl channels: addition method (olefins plus H2O, aldehydes and ketones hydrogenation, etc.) and hydrolysis (hydrolysis of halogenated hydrocarbons, hydrolysis of esters, hydrolysis of sodium alkoxides, phenol sodium salt The solution is fed with CO2, etc.). (2) Introduction of aldehyde groups: oxidation (oxidation of primary alcohols, oxidation of olefins) and hydration of alkynes. (3) The methods for introducing carboxyl groups include: oxidation (oxidation of aldehyde groups, oxidation of benzene homologs, etc.)