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现代市场经济的实践表明,一个经济制度要解决的关键问题之一就是要充分调动劳动者、知识和技术人员、企业家等要素所有者的积极性,检验一个经济机制或规则是否运行良好的一个基本标准是看它是否能够提供内在激励使人们努力工作并做出高质量的工作,激励决策者做出有利于他主管的经济组织的好决策,激励企业尽可能有效地生产。众所周知,激励与收入分配密不可分,在知识、技术、企业家等要素的所有权属于私人的情况下,收入分配和激励理论所要解决的核心问题是,鼓励各个要素的所有者自觉地投入生产发展过程,不仅要刺激劳动要素所有者的劳动投入,还要刺激资本、技术、管理等要素所有者的各种要素的投入,从而真正让一切劳动、知识、技术、管理和资本的活力竞相迸发,让一切创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流,以造福于人民。本文选择从微观的角度研究人力资本参与企业分配问题并进行激励机制设计,由此构成“要素报酬分配-激励-效率-分配模式设计”的分析框架。提出了两个观点:一是要使要素报酬分配具有激励效应,必须实现要素市场化和实现要素资本或股权化。实现要素市场化是指知识、技术成果和企业家分别进入各自的市场出售,由此实现各自的价值。要素资本或股权化是指私人所有的要素投入企业后应该在股权结构中得到体现,从而在股权结构中包含技术股、企业家股权等;二是提出了分配制度的激励效应,对不同类型的要素所有者的报酬分配进行了分配模式探索。
The practice of the modern market economy shows that one of the key issues to be solved by an economic system is to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the workers, knowledge and technical personnel, entrepreneurs and other factor owners, and to test whether or not an economic mechanism or rule is working well. The criterion is to see if it can provide intrinsic incentives for people to work hard and make good-quality jobs, to motivate decision-makers to make good decisions that are in the best interest of the economic organization under their charge, and to encourage businesses to produce as efficiently as possible. It is well-known that incentive and income distribution are inseparable. Under the condition that the ownership of knowledge, technology, entrepreneurs and other factors is private, the core problem to be solved by income distribution and incentive theory is to encourage owners of each factor to consciously devote themselves to the process of production and development Not only to stimulate the labor input of labor-factor owners, but also to stimulate the input of various elements of capital, technology and management, so that all the labor, knowledge, technology, management and the vitality of capital are really competing All sources of social wealth have become fully available for the benefit of the people. This paper chooses to study the problem of human capital participating in the allocation of enterprises and the design of incentive mechanism from the micro perspective, which constitutes the analytical framework of “elemental reward distribution - incentive - efficiency - distribution pattern design”. Two views are put forward: First, to make the distribution of factor remuneration an incentive effect, it is necessary to realize the marketization of factors and realize the capital or shareholding of factors. Realizing the marketization of the elements means that knowledge, technological achievements and entrepreneurs enter their respective markets for sale, thereby realizing their respective values. The elemental capital or equity ownership refers to the private ownership of the elements into the enterprise should be reflected in the ownership structure, which contains the ownership structure of technology stocks, entrepreneurs and other equity; Second, the incentive effect of the distribution system, the different types of The distribution of factors of the owner of the distribution of elements of the pattern of exploration.