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几乎每个脏器系统都有特殊感受器(伤害感受器),刺激它及其传入神经元,就有疼痛冲动传递。某些化学物质,如缓激肽、组胺、5—羟色胺和前列腺素,统称为致痛物质,在各种刺激时能兴奋伤害感受器或使其致敏。这些感受器周围的病理生理改变也影响这种反应。疼痛冲动经脊髓内上行的突触连结传递给脑内与疼痛知觉和行为有关的不同区域。P 物质、5—羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素被认为是这些路径内的神经递质。内源性阿片样物质(脑啡肽和内啡肽)可调整疼痛冲动的传递。
Almost every organ system has a special receptor (nociceptors) that stimulate it and its afferent neurons to deliver painful impulses. Certain chemicals, such as bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandins, collectively known as pain-causing substances, can excite or sensitize nociceptors to various stimuli. Pathophysiological changes around these receptors also affect this response. Pain urges the synaptic connections upstream through the spinal cord to different areas of the brain associated with pain perception and behavior. Substance P, serotonin and norepinephrine are considered neurotransmitters within these pathways. Endogenous opioids (enkephalins and endorphins) regulate the delivery of pain impulses.