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“介词+关系代词”是学习定语从句的重点和难点,同时也是高考的常考点。当先行词指人时,关系代词用whom;指物时,关系代词用which,有时根据句子需要,还可用whose作定语。介词的选择,主要从四个方面考虑:1.看先行词;2.看与定语从句中谓语动词或表语形容词的搭配关系;3.联系整个句意;4.表示“所属关系”或“整体中的一部分”时,用介词of。现结合高考试题对这一语法结构的考点作一归纳和解析如下:
一、介词+关系代词
1. By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ____ appeared a rare rainbow soon.(08福建)
A. of which B. on which
C. from which D. above which
解析:答案为D。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词the top of Mount Qomolangma及整个句意可知,这里介词应选择above,彩虹出现在珠穆朗玛峰山顶的上空,而不是在山顶,所以不能选择on which。
2. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, ____ New York is an example.(08 四川)
A. for which B. in which
C. of which D. from which
解析:答案为C。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:对于世界上许多城市来说,已经没有了向外进一步扩展的空间,在这些城市中纽约就是一个例子。由先行词cities及整个句意可知,这里介词应选择of,表示“在这些城市中”,which代替先行词cities。
3. We went through a period ____ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.(08上海)
A. which B. whose
C. in which D. with which
解析:答案为C。本句是一个限制性定语从句,句意为:我们经历了一段在农村通讯非常困难的时期。由先行词a period及整个句意可知,这里缺时间状语,所以可排除A、B、D三项,选择C项,in which=when。
4. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ____they can be controlled on purpose.(07 重庆)
A. with which B. to which
C. of which D. for which
解析:答案为B。本句是一个限制性定语从句,整个句意为:人类和动物面部表情的不同在于在某种程度上人类可以有意识地控制他们。由先行词the degree及整个句意可知,这里介词应选择to,to the degree 意为“在某种程度上”,为固定搭配,which代替先行词the degree。
5. He was educated at the local high school, ____ he went on to Beijing University.(07江苏)
A. after which B. after that
C. in which D. in that
解析:答案为A。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:他在当地的中学学习,之后,他上了北京大学。which指代He was educated at the local high school这件事,再根据整个句意,选择介词after。所以,排除B、C与D。
6. Eric received training in computer for one year, ____ he found a job in a big company. (07辽宁)
A. after that B. after which
C. after it D. after this
解析:答案为B。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:艾力克接受了一年的计算机培训,之后,他在一家大公司找到了一份工作。which指代Eric received training in computer for one year这件事,再根据整个句意,选择介词after。所以,排除A、C与D。
7. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, ____ we gave some bells and glasses.
(06湖南)
A. to which B. to whom
C. with whom D. with which
解析:答案为B。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词one of them及整个句意可知,这里介词应选择to, we gave some bells and glasses to whom,故排除A、C与D。
二、介词+关系代词+名词
8. In the office, I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m. ____ time many people have gone home.(95上海)
A. whose time B. that
C. on which D. by which
解析:答案为D。本句是一个限制性定语从句,由先行词5:30 p.m.及整个句意可知,这里介词应选择by,“到……为止”,which代替先行词,句意为:在办公室里,我似乎直到下午5:30以后才有空,到那时许多人都已经回家了。
三、The+名词+of+关系代词
9. The man pulled out a gold watch, ____ were made of small diamonds.(08陕西)
A. the hands of whom
B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of
D. the hands of which
解析:答案为D。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:那个男的拿出一块金表,金表的指针是由小块的钻石制成的。先行词为a gold watch,关系代词应用which,表所属关系的结构为:the hands of which或whose hands。
10. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ____ was very reasonable.(00上海)
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
解析:答案为B。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词an ancient Chinese vase及整个句意可知,这里应选择the price of which指代 the price of the vase, the price of which也等于whose price。
四、The+形容词比较级/最高级+of+关系代词
11. There are two buildings,____ stands nearly a hundred feet high.(04湖北)
A. the larger
B. the larger of them
C. the larger one that
D. the larger of which
解析:答案为D。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词two buildings及整个句意可知,这里应选择the larger of which指代 the larger of the two buildings;若句中逗号为句号或两个句子之间有并列连词and,则答案应选B。
五、不定代词+of+关系代词
12. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, ____ are beyond our control.(08湖南)
A. most of them B. most of which
C. most of what D. most of that
解析:答案为B。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:植物的生长速度受许多因素的影响,其中大部分是超出我们控制的。先行词为factors,且在介词of后,只能用which。如果句中逗号为句号或两个句子之间有并列连词and,A项便是正确选项。
13. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, ____ wanted to buy it.
(07安徽)
A. none of them B. both of them
C. none of whom D. neither of whom
解析:答案为D。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:上周,只有两个人来看这房子,没有一个人想要买它。由先行词only two people及整个句意可知,这里应选择neither of whom。A、C项指三者或三者以上的人;选B项,只要把第二个逗号变成句号或在第二个逗号后加上并列连词and。
14. It is reported that two schools, ____ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.(07四川)
A. they both B. which both
C. both of them D. both of which
解析:答案为D。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词two schools及整个句意可知,这里应选择both of which,A、B、C项都不对。
六、数词+of+关系代词
15. I was given three books on cooking, the first ____ I really enjoyed.(06浙江)
A. of that B. of which
C. that D. which
解析:答案为B。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词three books及整个句意可知,这里应选择the first of which=the first of the three books,A选项中的that不能用于介词of之后。
16. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ____ are sold abroad.(04辽宁)
A. of which B. which of
C. of them D. of that
解析:答案为A。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词half a million pairs of shoes及整个句意可知,这里应选择80% of which。句意为:这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋,其中有80%销往国外。选C项,只要把句中逗号改为句号或在逗号后加上并列连词and 或but;D项中,that不能用于介词of之后。
:
Ⅰ. Since when的用法
1. The book was written in 1946, ____ the education system has witnessed great changes.(07山东)
A. when B. during which
C. since then D. since when
解析:答案为D。某些介词+when也能引导修饰句子的非限制性定语从句,即不是修饰个别先行词的定语从句。这时when所代表的常常是前面的句子所提供的时间背景,相当于一个关系代词。由The book was written in 1946可知,用when;由has witnessed great changes可知,用介词since。故答案为D。
Ⅱ. From where的用法
2. She climbed up to the top of the hill, from where she could have a good view of the whole town.
解析:这里from where指代from the top of the hill。句意为:她登上山顶,从那里她可以一览全城风光。
3. China is the birthplace of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
解析:这里from where=from that place。句意为:中国是风筝的故乡,从那里风筝传到日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。
<演练PK台>:
1. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ____hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
A. these B. those C. that D. which
2. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who
C. from whom D. to whom
3. I used to live in a house, ____ grow two tall trees.
A. in front of it
B. in front of which
C. in the front of it
D. in the front of which
4. The old lady ____ you told me yesterday was a famous writer.
A. who B. about whom
C. whom D. with whom
5. Alec asked the policeman ____ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.
A. with him B. who
C. with whom D. whom
6. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, ____ five are mine.
A. on which B. in which
C. of which D. from which
7. The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which
C. in which D. on which
8. That journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, ____ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which
C. from which D. for which
9. There are two girl students standing over there, ____ like football very much.
A. neither of them B. neither of whom
C. both of them D. both of whom
10. The old man has two daughters, ____ works as a nurse.
A. both of whom
B. both of them
C. younger of whom
D. the younger of whom
Keys:1.D 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.D
一、介词+关系代词
1. By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ____ appeared a rare rainbow soon.(08福建)
A. of which B. on which
C. from which D. above which
解析:答案为D。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词the top of Mount Qomolangma及整个句意可知,这里介词应选择above,彩虹出现在珠穆朗玛峰山顶的上空,而不是在山顶,所以不能选择on which。
2. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, ____ New York is an example.(08 四川)
A. for which B. in which
C. of which D. from which
解析:答案为C。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:对于世界上许多城市来说,已经没有了向外进一步扩展的空间,在这些城市中纽约就是一个例子。由先行词cities及整个句意可知,这里介词应选择of,表示“在这些城市中”,which代替先行词cities。
3. We went through a period ____ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.(08上海)
A. which B. whose
C. in which D. with which
解析:答案为C。本句是一个限制性定语从句,句意为:我们经历了一段在农村通讯非常困难的时期。由先行词a period及整个句意可知,这里缺时间状语,所以可排除A、B、D三项,选择C项,in which=when。
4. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ____they can be controlled on purpose.(07 重庆)
A. with which B. to which
C. of which D. for which
解析:答案为B。本句是一个限制性定语从句,整个句意为:人类和动物面部表情的不同在于在某种程度上人类可以有意识地控制他们。由先行词the degree及整个句意可知,这里介词应选择to,to the degree 意为“在某种程度上”,为固定搭配,which代替先行词the degree。
5. He was educated at the local high school, ____ he went on to Beijing University.(07江苏)
A. after which B. after that
C. in which D. in that
解析:答案为A。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:他在当地的中学学习,之后,他上了北京大学。which指代He was educated at the local high school这件事,再根据整个句意,选择介词after。所以,排除B、C与D。
6. Eric received training in computer for one year, ____ he found a job in a big company. (07辽宁)
A. after that B. after which
C. after it D. after this
解析:答案为B。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:艾力克接受了一年的计算机培训,之后,他在一家大公司找到了一份工作。which指代Eric received training in computer for one year这件事,再根据整个句意,选择介词after。所以,排除A、C与D。
7. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, ____ we gave some bells and glasses.
(06湖南)
A. to which B. to whom
C. with whom D. with which
解析:答案为B。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词one of them及整个句意可知,这里介词应选择to, we gave some bells and glasses to whom,故排除A、C与D。
二、介词+关系代词+名词
8. In the office, I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m. ____ time many people have gone home.(95上海)
A. whose time B. that
C. on which D. by which
解析:答案为D。本句是一个限制性定语从句,由先行词5:30 p.m.及整个句意可知,这里介词应选择by,“到……为止”,which代替先行词,句意为:在办公室里,我似乎直到下午5:30以后才有空,到那时许多人都已经回家了。
三、The+名词+of+关系代词
9. The man pulled out a gold watch, ____ were made of small diamonds.(08陕西)
A. the hands of whom
B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of
D. the hands of which
解析:答案为D。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:那个男的拿出一块金表,金表的指针是由小块的钻石制成的。先行词为a gold watch,关系代词应用which,表所属关系的结构为:the hands of which或whose hands。
10. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ____ was very reasonable.(00上海)
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
解析:答案为B。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词an ancient Chinese vase及整个句意可知,这里应选择the price of which指代 the price of the vase, the price of which也等于whose price。
四、The+形容词比较级/最高级+of+关系代词
11. There are two buildings,____ stands nearly a hundred feet high.(04湖北)
A. the larger
B. the larger of them
C. the larger one that
D. the larger of which
解析:答案为D。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词two buildings及整个句意可知,这里应选择the larger of which指代 the larger of the two buildings;若句中逗号为句号或两个句子之间有并列连词and,则答案应选B。
五、不定代词+of+关系代词
12. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, ____ are beyond our control.(08湖南)
A. most of them B. most of which
C. most of what D. most of that
解析:答案为B。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:植物的生长速度受许多因素的影响,其中大部分是超出我们控制的。先行词为factors,且在介词of后,只能用which。如果句中逗号为句号或两个句子之间有并列连词and,A项便是正确选项。
13. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, ____ wanted to buy it.
(07安徽)
A. none of them B. both of them
C. none of whom D. neither of whom
解析:答案为D。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,句意为:上周,只有两个人来看这房子,没有一个人想要买它。由先行词only two people及整个句意可知,这里应选择neither of whom。A、C项指三者或三者以上的人;选B项,只要把第二个逗号变成句号或在第二个逗号后加上并列连词and。
14. It is reported that two schools, ____ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.(07四川)
A. they both B. which both
C. both of them D. both of which
解析:答案为D。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词two schools及整个句意可知,这里应选择both of which,A、B、C项都不对。
六、数词+of+关系代词
15. I was given three books on cooking, the first ____ I really enjoyed.(06浙江)
A. of that B. of which
C. that D. which
解析:答案为B。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词three books及整个句意可知,这里应选择the first of which=the first of the three books,A选项中的that不能用于介词of之后。
16. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ____ are sold abroad.(04辽宁)
A. of which B. which of
C. of them D. of that
解析:答案为A。本句是一个非限制性定语从句,由先行词half a million pairs of shoes及整个句意可知,这里应选择80% of which。句意为:这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋,其中有80%销往国外。选C项,只要把句中逗号改为句号或在逗号后加上并列连词and 或but;D项中,that不能用于介词of之后。
Ⅰ. Since when的用法
1. The book was written in 1946, ____ the education system has witnessed great changes.(07山东)
A. when B. during which
C. since then D. since when
解析:答案为D。某些介词+when也能引导修饰句子的非限制性定语从句,即不是修饰个别先行词的定语从句。这时when所代表的常常是前面的句子所提供的时间背景,相当于一个关系代词。由The book was written in 1946可知,用when;由has witnessed great changes可知,用介词since。故答案为D。
Ⅱ. From where的用法
2. She climbed up to the top of the hill, from where she could have a good view of the whole town.
解析:这里from where指代from the top of the hill。句意为:她登上山顶,从那里她可以一览全城风光。
3. China is the birthplace of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
解析:这里from where=from that place。句意为:中国是风筝的故乡,从那里风筝传到日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。
<演练PK台>:
1. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ____hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
A. these B. those C. that D. which
2. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who
C. from whom D. to whom
3. I used to live in a house, ____ grow two tall trees.
A. in front of it
B. in front of which
C. in the front of it
D. in the front of which
4. The old lady ____ you told me yesterday was a famous writer.
A. who B. about whom
C. whom D. with whom
5. Alec asked the policeman ____ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.
A. with him B. who
C. with whom D. whom
6. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, ____ five are mine.
A. on which B. in which
C. of which D. from which
7. The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which
C. in which D. on which
8. That journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, ____ the sailing time was 226 days.
A. of which B. during which
C. from which D. for which
9. There are two girl students standing over there, ____ like football very much.
A. neither of them B. neither of whom
C. both of them D. both of whom
10. The old man has two daughters, ____ works as a nurse.
A. both of whom
B. both of them
C. younger of whom
D. the younger of whom
Keys:1.D 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.D