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摘要：Social and technological development demands new words. Words coined with such suffixes as pre-, -nik, cyber-, mini- or with the web, net represent an active phenomenon in the process of analogical compounding.
关键词：neologism; formation
1.Introduction
Every minute society is changing. Also, as reflective of social culture phenomena, the language is in the process of development and evolution. The glossary changes show various essential factors of the language most remarkably. A lot of neologism we encounter in the mass media, such as first-edited English publication magazines, even can not be found in the dictionary published freshly. The process of language development means that “new words” constantly emerge, and meanwhile “old words” unceasingly wither away. The large number of newly-emerged neologisms has powerfully demonstrated the vitality of English language. By analysis and application of neologism, we can probe into the “meaning” of English language more closely and precisely.
2.Social life evolution
The basic reason of emerging neologism is the change of social politics, economics and social life. Every neologism all refracts each site of the society. Neologism has many kinds of significances and forms. Some of them are the adjectives derived from names of national leaders. Such as Clintonia(克林顿的), some are the name of unified currency. Such as euro（欧元）, some refer to the social scandal: Camillagate(卡米拉丑闻), some show the world politics: shuttle diplomacy(穿梭外交), proxy war(代理人战争).
As the popular phrases “the lose generation” (the generation which breaks down), “the me generation”(the generation for themselves) and “the Vietnam generation ”(the generation attended the Vietnamese war) and so on, recently appears the phrases “the sandwich generation”, specially refers the generation that should shoulder the dual responsibility(their parents and their children). This has reflected the recovering of family attachment. Because of the increase of American kidnapping crime day by day, there appears an emerging industry: K&R industry (kidnap and freedom buying industry). These companies provide the so-called insurance service for some celebrities and rich people. If the litigant is kidnapped, the company will provide the ransom money which need, and will send the professional negotiation experts to negotiate with the criminals. It is called the darkest legitimate transaction. The commercial competition of hotels has created the phenomenon: amenities creep (rise in price of guest room). The original meaning of amenity is the comfortable environment, here especially means all kinds of facilities that the hotel provide for the guest. So it makes the price of room raise. The rampant terrorism by day causes the western nation residents to be heavyhearted. They all pay more attention to their personal safety. Most of them put on “reinforced clothing”(dexterous armored clothing). For own physique attention, many people start to eat muscle candy(the candy which is healthy to the body). Along with the rising of expeditionary travel industry, the neologisms about it appear, for example, explonography(探险学), explornographer(探险学家). 3.The development of science technology
The rapid development of science makes various disciplines add a large number of neologisms in English. Such as, space suit(astronavigation clothing), linkup (two spaceships connected), bulletin train (high speed train). The communication industry increases the sharp number of wireless communication antennas. In order to not to cause eye pollution, many telecommunication companies build up stealth tower(suppressing antenna), hide the antenna into buildings or trees that others can not mention. The progress of computer domain let the neologism have another kind of characteristic. For example, ceperspace(on-line world), lasercomp(computer laser illumination),repurpose information(information rehandling). The computer brings the benefits to people also create the negative function. Computer-related crime commonly occurs, then appear the neologism: proggy(crime procedure).
As a result of the electronic technology progress, people change their concept and life style. Such as, e-mail(电子邮件), ordinary mail changes into snail mail(慢件), in order to tell the difference between internet surfing(on-line surfing) and ordinary surfing, the ordinary surfing change into ocean surfing. Because of the impact by on-line bookseller, the ordinary bookstores become as land-based bookstore.
Just because of these factors, there is having so many neologisms in every area in our everyday life.
4.The semantic principle of neologism
It is very important to do the research of the semantic principle of neologism in understanding the meaning and usage of neologism. It can also help us to use the neologism currently. The semantic principle can be divided into three kinds of situations.
4.1Extension 引申法
From particular reference to general to general reference: from adding the new meaning to constitute a neologism, or with other vocabulary to constitute a neologism. Such metaphorical neologism can be put in this way: ego wall/ honor wall, geezer glut/ old age peak, from the word geezer and glut; windshield time, from windshield to car, then from the car time to the time that the car cost on the way to work.
From general reference to particular reference: use the original vocabulary to add the new meaning in new environment. Some compound words are constituted by this way: elder/传授经验, from elder(n.)to elder(v.), means pass on the knowledge and experience to the people who is younger than you; voicism/from voice and –ism, especially means to tease the appearance that others speak. 4.2Antithesis 模拟法
Some neologism constitute from the synonymy or antithesis meaning of the original vocabulary and phrase: slow food/慢餐, from the phrase fast food; web rage/worry of internet, work rage/worry of work, air rage/flight violence, these phrases are all constituted from the neologism: road rage/ worry of drive.
4.3Compounding 复合法
Some neologisms are constituted from the meaning of those phrases and affix. For example, liposculpture/ pull out the grease to let the body beautiful. From lipo-(means grease) and add the meaning of sculpture; phantom accident/ the false traffic accident to swindle the insurance. This neologism is constituted from the meaning of phantom and the meaning of accident.
Conclusion
The society is developing constantly, the language is being developed rapidly too and developing constantly as the important component of the social culture phenomenon, English vocabulary is growing every day. Research into the sources and formation of English neologism, and analyses of their semantic structure and stylistic characteristics can be of assistance to their translation.
References
[1]韩庆果 2000.12 英语新词及其汉译研究 解放军外国语学院学报
[2]赵宏宇 1999 英语构词学习手册 大连理工大学出版社
[3]Bauer, Laurie 1998 Vocabulary London: Rout ledge
[4]Levine.John R. Baroudi, Carol and Yong 1998 M.L.
[5]widdonwson. H.G. 1998 Linguistics Oxford: Oxford University Press
关键词：neologism; formation
1.Introduction
Every minute society is changing. Also, as reflective of social culture phenomena, the language is in the process of development and evolution. The glossary changes show various essential factors of the language most remarkably. A lot of neologism we encounter in the mass media, such as first-edited English publication magazines, even can not be found in the dictionary published freshly. The process of language development means that “new words” constantly emerge, and meanwhile “old words” unceasingly wither away. The large number of newly-emerged neologisms has powerfully demonstrated the vitality of English language. By analysis and application of neologism, we can probe into the “meaning” of English language more closely and precisely.
2.Social life evolution
The basic reason of emerging neologism is the change of social politics, economics and social life. Every neologism all refracts each site of the society. Neologism has many kinds of significances and forms. Some of them are the adjectives derived from names of national leaders. Such as Clintonia(克林顿的), some are the name of unified currency. Such as euro（欧元）, some refer to the social scandal: Camillagate(卡米拉丑闻), some show the world politics: shuttle diplomacy(穿梭外交), proxy war(代理人战争).
As the popular phrases “the lose generation” (the generation which breaks down), “the me generation”(the generation for themselves) and “the Vietnam generation ”(the generation attended the Vietnamese war) and so on, recently appears the phrases “the sandwich generation”, specially refers the generation that should shoulder the dual responsibility(their parents and their children). This has reflected the recovering of family attachment. Because of the increase of American kidnapping crime day by day, there appears an emerging industry: K&R industry (kidnap and freedom buying industry). These companies provide the so-called insurance service for some celebrities and rich people. If the litigant is kidnapped, the company will provide the ransom money which need, and will send the professional negotiation experts to negotiate with the criminals. It is called the darkest legitimate transaction. The commercial competition of hotels has created the phenomenon: amenities creep (rise in price of guest room). The original meaning of amenity is the comfortable environment, here especially means all kinds of facilities that the hotel provide for the guest. So it makes the price of room raise. The rampant terrorism by day causes the western nation residents to be heavyhearted. They all pay more attention to their personal safety. Most of them put on “reinforced clothing”(dexterous armored clothing). For own physique attention, many people start to eat muscle candy(the candy which is healthy to the body). Along with the rising of expeditionary travel industry, the neologisms about it appear, for example, explonography(探险学), explornographer(探险学家). 3.The development of science technology
The rapid development of science makes various disciplines add a large number of neologisms in English. Such as, space suit(astronavigation clothing), linkup (two spaceships connected), bulletin train (high speed train). The communication industry increases the sharp number of wireless communication antennas. In order to not to cause eye pollution, many telecommunication companies build up stealth tower(suppressing antenna), hide the antenna into buildings or trees that others can not mention. The progress of computer domain let the neologism have another kind of characteristic. For example, ceperspace(on-line world), lasercomp(computer laser illumination),repurpose information(information rehandling). The computer brings the benefits to people also create the negative function. Computer-related crime commonly occurs, then appear the neologism: proggy(crime procedure).
As a result of the electronic technology progress, people change their concept and life style. Such as, e-mail(电子邮件), ordinary mail changes into snail mail(慢件), in order to tell the difference between internet surfing(on-line surfing) and ordinary surfing, the ordinary surfing change into ocean surfing. Because of the impact by on-line bookseller, the ordinary bookstores become as land-based bookstore.
Just because of these factors, there is having so many neologisms in every area in our everyday life.
4.The semantic principle of neologism
It is very important to do the research of the semantic principle of neologism in understanding the meaning and usage of neologism. It can also help us to use the neologism currently. The semantic principle can be divided into three kinds of situations.
4.1Extension 引申法
From particular reference to general to general reference: from adding the new meaning to constitute a neologism, or with other vocabulary to constitute a neologism. Such metaphorical neologism can be put in this way: ego wall/ honor wall, geezer glut/ old age peak, from the word geezer and glut; windshield time, from windshield to car, then from the car time to the time that the car cost on the way to work.
From general reference to particular reference: use the original vocabulary to add the new meaning in new environment. Some compound words are constituted by this way: elder/传授经验, from elder(n.)to elder(v.), means pass on the knowledge and experience to the people who is younger than you; voicism/from voice and –ism, especially means to tease the appearance that others speak. 4.2Antithesis 模拟法
Some neologism constitute from the synonymy or antithesis meaning of the original vocabulary and phrase: slow food/慢餐, from the phrase fast food; web rage/worry of internet, work rage/worry of work, air rage/flight violence, these phrases are all constituted from the neologism: road rage/ worry of drive.
4.3Compounding 复合法
Some neologisms are constituted from the meaning of those phrases and affix. For example, liposculpture/ pull out the grease to let the body beautiful. From lipo-(means grease) and add the meaning of sculpture; phantom accident/ the false traffic accident to swindle the insurance. This neologism is constituted from the meaning of phantom and the meaning of accident.
Conclusion
The society is developing constantly, the language is being developed rapidly too and developing constantly as the important component of the social culture phenomenon, English vocabulary is growing every day. Research into the sources and formation of English neologism, and analyses of their semantic structure and stylistic characteristics can be of assistance to their translation.
References
[1]韩庆果 2000.12 英语新词及其汉译研究 解放军外国语学院学报
[2]赵宏宇 1999 英语构词学习手册 大连理工大学出版社
[3]Bauer, Laurie 1998 Vocabulary London: Rout ledge
[4]Levine.John R. Baroudi, Carol and Yong 1998 M.L.
[5]widdonwson. H.G. 1998 Linguistics Oxford: Oxford University Press