《马关条约》是清政府妥协投降的产物,其丧权辱国的割地、赔款条款招致各界爱国人士的反对,因此在和约换约前引发了轰轰烈烈的拒和、废约运动。这一运动虽没有阻止条约的签订,但却对之后的历史产生了深远影响。以往的史著侧重对“公车上书”和谏诤活动进入高潮时期的研究,却忽略了《马关条约》签订之前的论争。鉴于此,有必要从整体上把握此次谏诤活动,理清这一活动是从清廷内部高级官员向外廷中下级官员蔓延,最后席卷全国。受爱国心的驱使,谏言超出言官的范围,不仅没有言责的官员,受传统儒学家国观念影响的举人,也责无旁贷地为拒和运动呐喊助威,这大大促使了民族意识的觉醒。 The Treaty of Shimonoseki was a product of the compromise and surrender by the Qing government. Its mourning and humiliation ceded territory. The claimant clause has aroused the opposition of patriots from all walks of life. As a result, vigorous refusals and abstentions were triggered before the treaty was signed. Although this movement did not prevent the signing of the treaty, it had a profound impact on the history afterwards. The previous history focused on the study of the “bus letter” and remonstrance activities climaxed, but ignores the controversy before the signing of the “Treaty of Shimonoseki.” In view of this, it is necessary to take a holistic view of this campaign of remonstrance and to sort out this activity from the senior officials within the Qing court to the lower middle and lower officials who eventually swept across the country. Driven by the patriotism, the remonstrance goes beyond the scope of consular officials. Not only the unscrupulous officials, those who are influenced by the traditional concepts of Confucianist countries, but also the unassailable encouragement of the Refugee Movement greatly contributed to the awakening of national consciousness.