细说限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的四大区别

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   一、 在句中作用不同
  限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
  非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。
   二、 外在表现形式不同
  限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
  【例1】 This is the place where he used to live. 这是他曾经生活的地方。
  【例2】 Mr. Zhang,who came to see me yesterday,is an old friend of mine. 昨天来看我的张先生是我的老友。
  在例1中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在例2中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
   三、 先行词内容有所不同
  大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由which引导。
  【例1】 A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。
  【例2】 A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。
   四、 关系词的使用情况有所不同
  (一) that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
  所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但 that 不可。
  【例】 他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。
  误:He didn’t pass the exam,that disappointed me.
  正:He didn’t pass the exam, which disappointed me.
  值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who, whom或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when,where 引导非限制性定语从句。
  【例1】 We’ll graduate in July, when we will be free.
  我们7月份毕业时便自由了。
  【例2】 Last Sunday they reached Nanjing,where a conference was to be held. 上周末他们到达会议所在地南京。
  (二) 关系代词替代情况不同
  关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom,但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。
  【例1】 This is the girl whom I met in the street. 这是我在街上碰到的女孩。
  先行词the girl在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用 who 代替 whom。
  【例2】 A young man had a new girl friend,whom he wanted to impress.
  那个年轻男人有了让他想珍惜的新女友。
  先行词a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用who代替whom。
  在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/whom,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,不可用that代替who/whom。
  例:她有一个姐姐,她是教师。
  误: She has a sister, that is a teacher.
  正:She has a sister, who is teacher.
  (三) 关系代词省略情况不同
  关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。
  【例1】 This is the book(which/that)he lost yesterday.先行词the book在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。
  【例2】 The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found。先行词the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词which不可省。
  (四) as引导定语从句时的用法
  1. as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same…as, such…as结构中。
  【例1】 I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我想和朋友有件同样的T恤。
  【例2】 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.
  我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
  2. as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
  【例】 As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 就像我猜的那样,他在期中测验中又得了第一。
  3. as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别:
  ①当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
  【例1】 He made a long speech, as we expected.
  像我们猜的那样,他的演讲很长。
  【例2】 He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
  没想到他的演讲很长。
  ②当非限制定语从句为否定时,常用which引导。
  【例】 Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all. 汤姆每天都喝很多酒,他的妻子十分厌恶。
  4. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词,中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。这种定语从句叫做分隔性定语从句。
  【例】 There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand. 他眼里有种情感我读不懂。
  5. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词+which”来代替。
  【例】 October 1, 1949 was the day on which(=when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年1月是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
  6. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时,短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。
  【例】 The sick man whom she is looking after is her father. 那个她在寻找的病人是她爸爸。
  7. 介词在关系代词前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略;介词在句尾,关系代词可以省略。
  ●同步练习
  一、 根据句子意思,用介词+关系代词whom或which完成下列句子
  1. The person____________________I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.
  2. The pencil____________________ he was writing broke.
  3. Wu Dong,____________________ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.
  4. The two things____________________Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.
  
  
  5. Her bag,____________________she put all her books, has not been found.
  
  二、 选择填空
  1. The man__________visited our school yesterday is from London.
  
  A.whoB.which
  C.whomD.when
  2. The woman__________is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.
  A.whoseB.who
  C.whomD.which
  3. Because of my poor memory, all__________you told me has been forgotten.
  A.thatB.which
  C.whatD.as
  4. Do you remember those days__________we spent along the seashore very happily?
  A.whenB.where
  C.whichD.who
  5. Tom t took away the camera because it was just the same camera__________he lost last week. 
  A.whichB.that
  C.whomD.as
  
  【参考答案】
  一、 1. to whom 2. with which
  3. with whom 4. about which
  5. in which
  二、 1-5 ABACD
  
  (作者:卜云美,江苏省泰兴市第一高级中学)
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