古代曾经辉煌灿烂的中国科学为什么会在近代衰落，这是近代以来几代中外学者关注、思索的所谓“李约瑟难题”。本文系统地从思维方式的角度，运用比较学方法，比较深入地剖析了中国传统思维方式，特别是其长于综合短于分析，强调模糊缺乏精确定量，重思辨而轻实证，满足于直观外推和经验比附的方法，以及一元性压抑创造性等特点，对近代科学衰落的深层影响。文章特别指出，现代思维方式（以西方为代表）出现了重综合、重直观、重模糊等倾向，但这是西方分析型思维、逻辑手段与定量化方法高度发展后的“回归”，是否定之否定式的“回归”。我们在思维方式上，肩负着补课与发展的双重任务。也唯其如此，中国科学才有全面赶超西方之希望。 Why the ancient glorious splendor of Chinese science declined in the modern era was the so-called “Needham Puzzle” that the Chinese and foreign scholars concerned about and thought about since the modern times. In this paper, we systematically analyze the traditional Chinese ways of thinking systematically from the perspective of the way of thinking by using the method of comparative study, especially as it is longer than the synthesis and shortness of analysis, emphasizing the lack of accurate quantitative and re-speculative vague evidence, And the experience attached to the method, as well as the unity of repressive creativity and other characteristics, the deep impact of the decline of modern science. In particular, the article points out that the modern way of thinking (represented by the West) has tended to be comprehensive, heavy and obscure, but this is a “return” to the highly developed Western analytical thinking, logical means and quantitative methods. Negative “return”. We are shouldering the dual tasks of making up classes and developing our way of thinking. Only in this way can China have the full hope of catching up with the West in science.