[目的]秸秆还田是一种重要的农业可持续土壤耕作技术。但是,在稻麦两熟地区,由于季节紧、秸秆量大,民众对推行秸秆还田依然存在争议。[方法]以长江流域稻麦两熟制为研究对象,使用Meta分析方法,定量研究了稻麦产量对秸秆还田的响应变异及其影响因素。[结果]秸秆还田能够显著增加稻麦产量;但是,水稻产量的响应程度要显著强于小麦。不同还田量对小麦产量的影响不明显,但小麦秸秆还田量>3750kg/ha时显著增加水稻产量。在长江下游地区,水稻秸秆还田显著降低小麦产量,而在长江中上游,水稻秸秆还田下小麦产量显著增加。在长江流域,小麦秸秆还田均显著增加水稻产量。基肥N素以尿素形态施用下水稻秸秆还田可以增加小麦产量,但以复合肥形态施用下小麦产量对水稻秸秆还田的响应不显著。在稻杆还田条件下,全生育期N素用量>200kg/ha时,小麦产量显著降低;N素用量≤200kg/ha时,小麦产量显著增加。全生育期P素最适用量为40-60kg/ha,在此条件下,秸秆还田均能显著增加稻麦产量。土壤有机质含量在20-30g/kg时,秸秆还田能够显著提高稻麦产量;但是土壤有机质含量过高(如>30g/kg)时,水稻秸秆还田却降低了小麦产量。旋耕显著降低了稻秸还田下小麦产量,但其他耕作方式却能够显著增加秸秆还田对稻麦产量的正效应。此外,麦秆还田下,水稻产量在不同栽培方式间也存在差异。[结论]秸秆还田能够增加稻麦产量,但还田效益需要综合考虑区域资源特点、土壤本底条件、耕作栽培及水肥管理等因素。 [Objective] Straw returning is an important agricultural sustainable soil cultivation technology. However, in the areas where rice and wheat are ripe, there is still controversy over the implementation of straw recovery due to tight seasons and large amount of straw. [Method] With rice and wheat double cropping system in the Yangtze River valley as the research object, the variation of the response of rice and wheat to straw returning and its influencing factors were studied quantitatively using Meta analysis. [Result] Straw returning could significantly increase the yield of rice and wheat; however, the response of rice yield was significantly stronger than that of wheat. The effect of different returning amount on wheat yield was not obvious, but the yield of wheat increased significantly when the amount of wheat straw returned> 3750kg / ha. In the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the return of rice straw significantly reduced the yield of wheat, while the yield of wheat under rice straw increased significantly in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In the Yangtze River valley, wheat straw significantly increased the yield of rice. The application of basal nitrogen and urea in the form of urea could increase the yield of wheat, but the response of wheat yield to the application of compound fertilizer was not significant to the response of rice straw to soil. Under the condition of rice straw returning to the field, the yield of wheat significantly decreased when the N content> 200kg / ha during the whole growth period and the yield of wheat increased significantly when the N content was less than 200kg / ha. During the whole growth period, the optimum amount of P was 40-60kg / ha. Under this condition, straw returning could significantly increase the yield of rice and wheat. When soil organic matter content is 20-30g / kg, straw returning can significantly increase the yield of rice and wheat. However, when soil organic matter content is too high (eg,> 30g / kg), straw returning reduces the wheat yield. Rotary tillage significantly reduced the yield of wheat under rice straw, but other tillage methods could significantly increase the positive effect of straw returning on rice yield. In addition, the wheat straw field, rice yield in different ways of cultivation are also different. [Conclusion] The straw returning to wheat could increase the yield of rice and wheat. However, the benefits of returning straw to soil need to consider the characteristics of regional resources, soil background, farming and cultivation, water and fertilizer management.