自 8 0年代中期起 ,联邦德国陆续建立了许多专门从职业角度进行科技伦理学、技术后果评估和经济伦理学研究的机构。它们一改过去偏重理论的倾向 ,转而注重研究解决在获得和应用科技成果时产生的重大实际伦理问题。在研究方法和研究目标方面 ,它们一般都有这样的特点 :1)努力向 Since the mid-1980s, the Federal Republic of Germany has successively set up many institutions that specialize in the study of science and technology ethics, technical consequence assessment and economic ethics from a professional point of view. Instead of focusing on theories, they have shifted their focus to studying and solving major practical ethical issues arising from the acquisition and application of scientific and technological achievements. In terms of research methods and research objectives, they generally have the following characteristics: 1)