论文部分内容阅读
一､ 重点句型
二､
1. as引导的让步状语从句
【教材例句】 Impressive as the record is,it fades next to the story of Armstrong’s struggle against disease.
【高考链接】
_______, he talks a lot about his favourite singer after class. (2005重庆)
A. A quiet student as he may be
B. Quiet student as he may be
C. Be a quiet student as he may
D. Quiet as he may be a student (B)
【句型解读】 as引导的让步状语从句必须把表语提前｡若表语为单数可数名词时,前面不加冠词｡有时也可以把副词､动词原形提前｡例如:
Child as he is, he speaks English well.尽管他是个孩子,但他的英文讲得好｡
Try as she might, Carolina couldn’t get the door open. 尽管卡罗莱娜尝试了,但却无法把门打开｡(2005广东)
2. whether ... or ... 引导的状语从句
【教材例句】 Whether we are out to set a new record ourselves or simply enjoy reading about champions, the Guinness Book of World Records makes for interesting reading.
【高考链接】
Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and____________it is rough or smooth. (2005 天津)
A. 不填B. whether
C. how D. what (B)
【句型解读】 whether ... or ... 引导让步状语从句时的意思是“无论……还是……”或“无论……是否”｡例如:Whether we go or stay, the result is the same.
I’ll do it whether you like it or not.
注意区别引导名词性从句的whether ... or ... “是……还是/否”:
I don’t know whether he will come or not.
3. It is (well) known that ...
【教材例句】 It is well known that Africa had contacts with India and the Red Sea civilizations from the earliest times.
【高考链接】
_______is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (NMET 2001)
A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. What(B)
【句型解读】 It is known that ... 是一个很重要的句型,意思的是“众所周知”｡其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句,与它意思相近的句型是: As is known, ... . (见上面这道高考题)｡
另外,在该句型中除了使用known外,还可以使用reported,said,announced,thought,believed等动词｡例如:
It is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress.
4. -ing形式作伴随状语
【教材例句】 The wonderful gift and the contact with the black court so excited China’s curiosity about Africa that Zheng He sent a message to the king and to other African states, inviting them to send ambassadors and open embassies in the new Ming capital, Beijing.
【高考链接】
The secretary worked late into the night,_________a long speech for the president. (NMET 1991)
A. to prepare B. preparing
C. preparedD. was preparing (B)
【句型解读】 作伴随状语-ing的形式与谓语动词的动作同时发生且前面往往带有一个逗号｡例如:
She wrote to the editor, hoping that the editor would be able to help you.
注意区别不定式作目的状语的句型:作目状语的不定式动作要比谓语动词的动作后发生且前面不能带逗号｡例如:
She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on big rock.
5. while引导的让步状语从句
【教材例句】 While some of the Aboriginal languages have been lost, people are trying hard to protect and record what is left.
【高考链接】
_________I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. (2004 江苏)
A. WhileB. Since
C. BeforeD. Unless(A)
【句型解读】 while引导让步状语从句时意思是“尽管”,相当于though或although｡例如:
While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.虽然他热爱他的学生,可是他对他们要求很严格｡
while作连词讲的用法还有:
(1) 引导时间状语从句,意为“当……时候”､“在……期间”,从句谓语中必须用延续性动词｡例如:
He fell asleep while he was doing his homework.做作业的时候他睡着了｡
(2) 引导并列句,表示前后分句动作的对比,意为“然而”｡例如:
I do every single bit of housework while my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then. (2004 全国)
(3) 引导原因状语从句,意为“既然”,相当于since或now that｡
(4) 引导条件状语从句,意为“只要”,相当于“as / so long as”｡例如:
While there is life, there is hope.只要活着就有希望｡(留得青山在,不怕没柴烧｡)
6. having (been) done 作状语
【教材例句】 Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world.
【高考链接】
___________from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (2005 湖北)
A. Being separated
B. Having separated
C. Having been separated
D. To be separated (C)
【句型解读】 having (been) done作状语时,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,其中 having done表示主动,having been done表示被动｡例如:
The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area. (2005 全国)
Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the room ready.
7. 倍数 + as many / much + n + as
【教材例句】 In area it is approximately the same size as the USA(without Alaska), which, however, has more than fourteen times as many people.
【高考链接】
It is reported that the United States uses____________energy as the whole of Europe. (2004全国)
A. as twice
B. twice much
C. twice much as
D. twice as much(D)
【句型解读】 以上句型是由“倍数 + as ... as”变化而来,其中many后接可数名词的复数形式,much后接不可数名词,倍数必须置于第一个as之前,第二个as连同其后成分可以省略｡教材例句后省略了as it has｡注意: 该句型还可以换成“倍数 + more + 名词(可数,不可数)+than”和“倍数+the size height / length, etc + of ...”的形式｡例如:
At a rough estimate, Nigeria is three times the size of Great Britain. 粗略估算尼日利亚是英国的三倍大｡
8. 强调句型: It is / was ... that / who ...
【教材例句】
1. ... it was the British government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that part of the expedition.
2. It was Joseph Banks who made Kew a centre of scientific and economic research.
【高考链接】
It is what you do rather than what you say____________matters. (2005天津)
A. thatB. what
C. which D. this(A)
【句型解法】 强调句型的一般式为: It is / was + 被强调部分that / who + 其它成分, 它可以用来强调除谓语之外的任何成分,无论强调什么都可用that,强调人时还可以用who｡例如:
It was because he was ill that he didn’t go to school.
检验是否是强调句型的方法是将It is / was和that去掉,如果句子结构仍然完整则是强调句型,否则不是强调句型｡
注意强调句型的各种形式:
(1) 一般疑问句: Is / Was it ... that / who ...?
(2) 特殊疑问句: What等 + is / was + it + that ...
(3) 特殊句式: It is / was not until ... that ...｡例如:
It was not until 10 0’clock that he went home.
9. -ing形式作主语
【教材例句】 Showing how plants were related was a complex and strange thing before Linnaeus developed his system.
【高考链接】
It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview.________the answers ready will be of great help. (2005 北京)
A. To have had B. Having had
C. Have D. Having(D)
【句型解读】 -ing 形式作主语一般表示一个抽象或泛指的动作,而不定式作主语则表示具体某一次的动作｡例如:
Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. (MET 92)
其实作宾语和表语时-ing 形式和不定式的区别亦如此｡例如:
She likes playing piano, but she doesn’t like to play it today.
二､ 长难句子
1. In 1996 Armstrong, the then NO. 1 cyclist in the world, was diagnosed with cancer and many thought that it meant the end of his career, maybe even his life.
【问】 怎样分析该句子结构?
【答】 整个句子在结构上分为并列的两部分,由and连接｡the then No. 1 cyclist in the world是Armstrong同位语｡and后面的句子中谓语thought又接一个宾语从句it meant ...,所以整个句子结构比较复杂｡
【问】 then是什么意思?
【答】 then为形容词,意为“当时的”, 在句中可作定语｡例: the then government “当时的政府”;the then capital of the country “这个国家当时的首都”｡
2. Part of the reason for our interest is probably the same curiosity that let Sir Hugh to write the Guinness Book of World Records in the first place.
【问】 that引导的是同位语从句吗?
【答】 that引导的是定语从句,因为that在从句中充当了成分(主语),且从句是修饰前面的名词curiosity｡若是同位语从句,则往往放在某些抽象名词之后,说明该名词的具体内容,且该名词在句中不作任何成分｡例如:
The fact that he didn’t say anything surprised everyone. (同位语从句)
The fact that / which we had to accept was that we failed in the game. (定语从句)
3. Then my mind becomes clear and I concentrate on the way my body moves in the air.
【问】 the way 在句中作什么成分,my body moves in the air是什么从句?
【答】 the way 在句中作状语,其前省略了介词in;后面的my body moves in the air是一个定语从句,省略了引导词that或in which｡当先行词是way时,定语从句引导的词可以是in which或that,也可以省略｡例如:
I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.
4. The wonderful gift and the contact with the black court so excited China’s curiosity about Africa that Zheng He sent a message to the king and to other African states, inviting them to send ambassadors, and open embassies in the new Ming capital, Beijing.
【问】 excited在句中是形容词吗,它的前面怎么没有be动词?
【答】 此处的excited不是形容词,是动词excite的过去式,在句中作谓语,意思是“激起”､“使……受到刺激”｡该句子的基本结构是“so ... that ...”结果状语从句引出的,其中so后接的动词,其实so后接动词的情况在英语里有很多｡例如:
We so wanted to see the performance again that we stayed in the hall for a long time.
【问】 open为何用原形而不用-ing或-ed形式呢?
【答】 open是不定式形式,其前省略了to,与to send是并列关系,作inviting的宾语补足语｡
5. The exchange of goods had a symbolic meaning far more important than the value of the goods themselves.
【问】 句中的far是什么用法,有何意思?
【答】 句中的far是用来修饰比较级的程度副词,表示“……得多”｡程度副词修饰比较级是难点,不妨根据意义来掌握:表示“更;较……”的程度副词有even,still,yet;表示“一点”的有slightly,a little;表示“……得多”的有much,far,a lot,a great deal等｡
6. In later years,the question arose who was the first to reach the top.
【问】 该句中的who引导什么从句?它为什么不放在question的后面呢?
【答】 该句中的who引导的是同位语从句,它与它同位的名词question分隔开来是为了保持句子的平衡,免得使整个句子的主语太长而谓语部分太短｡
【问】 to reach能换成reaching吗?
【答】 不能｡非谓语动词充当序数词的定语或充当被序数词修饰的词的定语时,常用不定式形式｡例如:
We took no notice of who was the last to arrive there.
7. During its five-year voyage, the Beagle followed almost the same route as Cook’s Endeavour sixty years earlier.
【问】 该句中的as是什么词性?是介词吗?
【答】 as其实是关系代词,引导定语从句,与the same构成句型“the same ... as”,表示“和……一样的”｡例如:
I bought the same bag as he did yesterday.
当as引导定语从句时,从句常采用省略形式｡例如:
He is the same age as his wife (is).
8. There were even differences between the species of the different islands; yet all showed a clear relationship with those of America, though separated from that continent by about 600 miles.
【问】 该句子中的连词though后面接过去分词separated是属于什么结构或用法?
【答】 连词与过去分词连用属于从句的省略现象,其实连词也可以与现在分词连用,也属于从句的省略现象｡例如课文中有这样一句话:
When giving friends presents such as flowers or pot plants, we often tell them how to grow and take care of them.
注意: 当时间､条件､让步､方式､比较状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it且谓语含be动词时,从句的主语和动词be的各种形式可以一起省去｡例如:
Don’t speak until spoken to. (省略了you are)
Though cold, he still wore a shirt. (省略了it was)
9. In 1778, Banks was elected president of the Royal Society, a position he held for 42 years.
【问】 该句中的名词president前为何不带冠词?
【答】 该句中的president是表示职位的名词,且在句中作主语补足语,此时不用冠词｡其实在英语中当表示独一无二的官衔､职位的名词在句中作表语､补足语以及同位语时都不带冠词｡例如:
He, president of the USA, is well received by many people.
【问】 a position在句中作何成分?
【答】 此句中a position作president of the Royal society的同位语,he held for 42 years是定语从句修饰a position｡例如:
My friend Jasmine is a pretty girl, a girl who is easy to get along with.
二､
1. as引导的让步状语从句
【教材例句】 Impressive as the record is,it fades next to the story of Armstrong’s struggle against disease.
【高考链接】
_______, he talks a lot about his favourite singer after class. (2005重庆)
A. A quiet student as he may be
B. Quiet student as he may be
C. Be a quiet student as he may
D. Quiet as he may be a student (B)
【句型解读】 as引导的让步状语从句必须把表语提前｡若表语为单数可数名词时,前面不加冠词｡有时也可以把副词､动词原形提前｡例如:
Child as he is, he speaks English well.尽管他是个孩子,但他的英文讲得好｡
Try as she might, Carolina couldn’t get the door open. 尽管卡罗莱娜尝试了,但却无法把门打开｡(2005广东)
2. whether ... or ... 引导的状语从句
【教材例句】 Whether we are out to set a new record ourselves or simply enjoy reading about champions, the Guinness Book of World Records makes for interesting reading.
【高考链接】
Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and____________it is rough or smooth. (2005 天津)
A. 不填B. whether
C. how D. what (B)
【句型解读】 whether ... or ... 引导让步状语从句时的意思是“无论……还是……”或“无论……是否”｡例如:Whether we go or stay, the result is the same.
I’ll do it whether you like it or not.
注意区别引导名词性从句的whether ... or ... “是……还是/否”:
I don’t know whether he will come or not.
3. It is (well) known that ...
【教材例句】 It is well known that Africa had contacts with India and the Red Sea civilizations from the earliest times.
【高考链接】
_______is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (NMET 2001)
A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. What(B)
【句型解读】 It is known that ... 是一个很重要的句型,意思的是“众所周知”｡其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句,与它意思相近的句型是: As is known, ... . (见上面这道高考题)｡
另外,在该句型中除了使用known外,还可以使用reported,said,announced,thought,believed等动词｡例如:
It is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress.
4. -ing形式作伴随状语
【教材例句】 The wonderful gift and the contact with the black court so excited China’s curiosity about Africa that Zheng He sent a message to the king and to other African states, inviting them to send ambassadors and open embassies in the new Ming capital, Beijing.
【高考链接】
The secretary worked late into the night,_________a long speech for the president. (NMET 1991)
A. to prepare B. preparing
C. preparedD. was preparing (B)
【句型解读】 作伴随状语-ing的形式与谓语动词的动作同时发生且前面往往带有一个逗号｡例如:
She wrote to the editor, hoping that the editor would be able to help you.
注意区别不定式作目的状语的句型:作目状语的不定式动作要比谓语动词的动作后发生且前面不能带逗号｡例如:
She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on big rock.
5. while引导的让步状语从句
【教材例句】 While some of the Aboriginal languages have been lost, people are trying hard to protect and record what is left.
【高考链接】
_________I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. (2004 江苏)
A. WhileB. Since
C. BeforeD. Unless(A)
【句型解读】 while引导让步状语从句时意思是“尽管”,相当于though或although｡例如:
While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.虽然他热爱他的学生,可是他对他们要求很严格｡
while作连词讲的用法还有:
(1) 引导时间状语从句,意为“当……时候”､“在……期间”,从句谓语中必须用延续性动词｡例如:
He fell asleep while he was doing his homework.做作业的时候他睡着了｡
(2) 引导并列句,表示前后分句动作的对比,意为“然而”｡例如:
I do every single bit of housework while my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then. (2004 全国)
(3) 引导原因状语从句,意为“既然”,相当于since或now that｡
(4) 引导条件状语从句,意为“只要”,相当于“as / so long as”｡例如:
While there is life, there is hope.只要活着就有希望｡(留得青山在,不怕没柴烧｡)
6. having (been) done 作状语
【教材例句】 Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world.
【高考链接】
___________from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (2005 湖北)
A. Being separated
B. Having separated
C. Having been separated
D. To be separated (C)
【句型解读】 having (been) done作状语时,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,其中 having done表示主动,having been done表示被动｡例如:
The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area. (2005 全国)
Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the room ready.
7. 倍数 + as many / much + n + as
【教材例句】 In area it is approximately the same size as the USA(without Alaska), which, however, has more than fourteen times as many people.
【高考链接】
It is reported that the United States uses____________energy as the whole of Europe. (2004全国)
A. as twice
B. twice much
C. twice much as
D. twice as much(D)
【句型解读】 以上句型是由“倍数 + as ... as”变化而来,其中many后接可数名词的复数形式,much后接不可数名词,倍数必须置于第一个as之前,第二个as连同其后成分可以省略｡教材例句后省略了as it has｡注意: 该句型还可以换成“倍数 + more + 名词(可数,不可数)+than”和“倍数+the size height / length, etc + of ...”的形式｡例如:
At a rough estimate, Nigeria is three times the size of Great Britain. 粗略估算尼日利亚是英国的三倍大｡
8. 强调句型: It is / was ... that / who ...
【教材例句】
1. ... it was the British government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that part of the expedition.
2. It was Joseph Banks who made Kew a centre of scientific and economic research.
【高考链接】
It is what you do rather than what you say____________matters. (2005天津)
A. thatB. what
C. which D. this(A)
【句型解法】 强调句型的一般式为: It is / was + 被强调部分that / who + 其它成分, 它可以用来强调除谓语之外的任何成分,无论强调什么都可用that,强调人时还可以用who｡例如:
It was because he was ill that he didn’t go to school.
检验是否是强调句型的方法是将It is / was和that去掉,如果句子结构仍然完整则是强调句型,否则不是强调句型｡
注意强调句型的各种形式:
(1) 一般疑问句: Is / Was it ... that / who ...?
(2) 特殊疑问句: What等 + is / was + it + that ...
(3) 特殊句式: It is / was not until ... that ...｡例如:
It was not until 10 0’clock that he went home.
9. -ing形式作主语
【教材例句】 Showing how plants were related was a complex and strange thing before Linnaeus developed his system.
【高考链接】
It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview.________the answers ready will be of great help. (2005 北京)
A. To have had B. Having had
C. Have D. Having(D)
【句型解读】 -ing 形式作主语一般表示一个抽象或泛指的动作,而不定式作主语则表示具体某一次的动作｡例如:
Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. (MET 92)
其实作宾语和表语时-ing 形式和不定式的区别亦如此｡例如:
She likes playing piano, but she doesn’t like to play it today.
二､ 长难句子
1. In 1996 Armstrong, the then NO. 1 cyclist in the world, was diagnosed with cancer and many thought that it meant the end of his career, maybe even his life.
【问】 怎样分析该句子结构?
【答】 整个句子在结构上分为并列的两部分,由and连接｡the then No. 1 cyclist in the world是Armstrong同位语｡and后面的句子中谓语thought又接一个宾语从句it meant ...,所以整个句子结构比较复杂｡
【问】 then是什么意思?
【答】 then为形容词,意为“当时的”, 在句中可作定语｡例: the then government “当时的政府”;the then capital of the country “这个国家当时的首都”｡
2. Part of the reason for our interest is probably the same curiosity that let Sir Hugh to write the Guinness Book of World Records in the first place.
【问】 that引导的是同位语从句吗?
【答】 that引导的是定语从句,因为that在从句中充当了成分(主语),且从句是修饰前面的名词curiosity｡若是同位语从句,则往往放在某些抽象名词之后,说明该名词的具体内容,且该名词在句中不作任何成分｡例如:
The fact that he didn’t say anything surprised everyone. (同位语从句)
The fact that / which we had to accept was that we failed in the game. (定语从句)
3. Then my mind becomes clear and I concentrate on the way my body moves in the air.
【问】 the way 在句中作什么成分,my body moves in the air是什么从句?
【答】 the way 在句中作状语,其前省略了介词in;后面的my body moves in the air是一个定语从句,省略了引导词that或in which｡当先行词是way时,定语从句引导的词可以是in which或that,也可以省略｡例如:
I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.
4. The wonderful gift and the contact with the black court so excited China’s curiosity about Africa that Zheng He sent a message to the king and to other African states, inviting them to send ambassadors, and open embassies in the new Ming capital, Beijing.
【问】 excited在句中是形容词吗,它的前面怎么没有be动词?
【答】 此处的excited不是形容词,是动词excite的过去式,在句中作谓语,意思是“激起”､“使……受到刺激”｡该句子的基本结构是“so ... that ...”结果状语从句引出的,其中so后接的动词,其实so后接动词的情况在英语里有很多｡例如:
We so wanted to see the performance again that we stayed in the hall for a long time.
【问】 open为何用原形而不用-ing或-ed形式呢?
【答】 open是不定式形式,其前省略了to,与to send是并列关系,作inviting的宾语补足语｡
5. The exchange of goods had a symbolic meaning far more important than the value of the goods themselves.
【问】 句中的far是什么用法,有何意思?
【答】 句中的far是用来修饰比较级的程度副词,表示“……得多”｡程度副词修饰比较级是难点,不妨根据意义来掌握:表示“更;较……”的程度副词有even,still,yet;表示“一点”的有slightly,a little;表示“……得多”的有much,far,a lot,a great deal等｡
6. In later years,the question arose who was the first to reach the top.
【问】 该句中的who引导什么从句?它为什么不放在question的后面呢?
【答】 该句中的who引导的是同位语从句,它与它同位的名词question分隔开来是为了保持句子的平衡,免得使整个句子的主语太长而谓语部分太短｡
【问】 to reach能换成reaching吗?
【答】 不能｡非谓语动词充当序数词的定语或充当被序数词修饰的词的定语时,常用不定式形式｡例如:
We took no notice of who was the last to arrive there.
7. During its five-year voyage, the Beagle followed almost the same route as Cook’s Endeavour sixty years earlier.
【问】 该句中的as是什么词性?是介词吗?
【答】 as其实是关系代词,引导定语从句,与the same构成句型“the same ... as”,表示“和……一样的”｡例如:
I bought the same bag as he did yesterday.
当as引导定语从句时,从句常采用省略形式｡例如:
He is the same age as his wife (is).
8. There were even differences between the species of the different islands; yet all showed a clear relationship with those of America, though separated from that continent by about 600 miles.
【问】 该句子中的连词though后面接过去分词separated是属于什么结构或用法?
【答】 连词与过去分词连用属于从句的省略现象,其实连词也可以与现在分词连用,也属于从句的省略现象｡例如课文中有这样一句话:
When giving friends presents such as flowers or pot plants, we often tell them how to grow and take care of them.
注意: 当时间､条件､让步､方式､比较状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it且谓语含be动词时,从句的主语和动词be的各种形式可以一起省去｡例如:
Don’t speak until spoken to. (省略了you are)
Though cold, he still wore a shirt. (省略了it was)
9. In 1778, Banks was elected president of the Royal Society, a position he held for 42 years.
【问】 该句中的名词president前为何不带冠词?
【答】 该句中的president是表示职位的名词,且在句中作主语补足语,此时不用冠词｡其实在英语中当表示独一无二的官衔､职位的名词在句中作表语､补足语以及同位语时都不带冠词｡例如:
He, president of the USA, is well received by many people.
【问】 a position在句中作何成分?
【答】 此句中a position作president of the Royal society的同位语,he held for 42 years是定语从句修饰a position｡例如:
My friend Jasmine is a pretty girl, a girl who is easy to get along with.