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结构性改革是为消除供给侧领域中各种问题的改革。拉美的第一代结构性改革始于20世纪80年代,改革取得了积极成效,但也产生了多方面的问题。因此,20世纪90年代末,拉美的第一代结构性改革开始向第二代结构性改革过渡。与第一代改革相比,第二代改革更具有战略性、长期性和艰巨性。目前要对第二代改革作出全面而深刻的评价并非易事,但可初步得出如下几个结论:社会发展领域的成就开始显现,政府与市场的关系渐趋正常,宏观经济形势日益稳定,金融监管机制不断完善,企业的国际竞争力稳步上升,基础设施的“瓶颈”现象有所缓和,对外经济关系的多元化格局基本形成。在分析拉美的两代结构性改革时,有必要对以下问题进行更为深入的研究:如何判断拉美结构性改革的成效,如何评估“中国因素”对拉美结构性改革作出的贡献,如何看待左翼政府在结构性改革中的作用,如何处理发挥比较优势与调整产业结构的关系,如何处理政府与市场的关系。
Structural reforms are reforms designed to eliminate problems in the supply-side realm. The first generation of structural reforms in Latin America started in the 1980s. The reforms have yielded positive results, but many problems have arisen. Therefore, in the late 1990s, the first generation of structural reforms in Latin America started its transition to the second generation of structural reforms. Compared with the first generation of reforms, the second generation of reforms is more strategic, long-term and arduous. At present, it is not easy to make a comprehensive and profound assessment of the second generation of reforms. However, preliminary conclusions can be drawn as follows: achievements in the field of social development have started to emerge; the relationship between the government and the market has become more and more normal; the macroeconomic situation has become increasingly stable; The financial regulatory mechanism has been continuously improved, the international competitiveness of enterprises has risen steadily, the “bottleneck” in infrastructure has eased, and the pluralistic pattern of foreign economic relations has basically taken shape. In analyzing the two generations of structural reforms in Latin America, it is necessary to conduct a more in-depth study on how to judge the effectiveness of the structural reforms in Latin America and how to assess the contribution of the “China factor” to the structural reforms in Latin America. How? The role of left-wing government in structural reforms, how to deal with the relationship between comparative advantage and industrial restructuring, and how to deal with the relationship between the government and the market.