论文部分内容阅读
非谓语动词是历年高考英语的重要考点之一，也是较难掌握的难点。本文结合近年高考试题，帮助考生更好、更准确地把握考试方向。
1.不定式表目的时，不定式可放在句子的前面，也可放在句子的末尾。放在句子前面时，不定式常与句子用逗号隔开，如果位于句子末尾，则一般不用逗号隔开。注意：only+动词不定式常表示“未预料到的、令人沮丧的结果”。
2.现在分词做状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，选用分词时，一定要看分词与逻辑主语（即句子的主语）的关系。如果与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生，选用现在分词的一般式；如果分词的动作先于谓语动词发生，且表示主动，则用分词的完成式；如果分词的动作先于谓语动词发生，且表示被动，就用分词完成式的被动形式。
3. done一般表示非谓语动词的动作在谓语动词之前发生或同时发生，且表示被动。
【高考链接】
1. Anxiously， she took the dress out of the package and tried it on， only______ it didn’t fit.（2014天津）
A. to find B. found C. finding D. having found
【解析】不定式常和only连用，表示出乎意料的结果。finding表示意料之中的结果，“裙子不合适”是意料之外的结果，所以选A。
2. ______ for two days， Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.（2015天津）
A. To work B. Worked
C. To be working D. Having worked
【解析】句意为“工作了两天，Steve按时完成了报告”，句中的逻辑主语为Steve，与work之间为主动关系，且work的动作发生在finish之前，所以用现在分词完成式来表达，选D。
3. ______ to work overtime that evening， I missed a wonderful film.（2012重庆）
A. Having been asked B. To ask
C. Having asked D. To be asked
【解析】逗号前为原因状语，空白处与句子的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，由此可排除表示主动关系的B项和C项。D项常充当目的状语和结果状语，不充当原因状语，也可排除。A项为现在分词完成式的被动形式，表示非谓语动词的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生，因此选A。
1.不定式做定语表示将来意义，既有主动形式，也有被动形式。不定式做定语多和被修饰的名词具有动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式动词后面加上相应的介词。
2.现在分词做定语多和被修饰的名词具有主谓关系，即现在分词用主动式时，被修饰的名词正在执行其动作。现在分词用被动式时，表示被修饰的名词正在承受其动作。
3.过去分词做定语与其所修饰的名词有动宾关系，表示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。
【高考链接】
4. There are still many problems______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.（2014北京）
A. solving B. solved
C. being solved D. to be solved
【解析】根据后面for a long stay on the Moon可知，我们有很多将要解决的问题，表示将来的动作要用不定式充当定语，又因为非谓语动词的动作与逻辑主语many problems构成被动关系，所以选D。
5. Last night， there were millions of people______ the opening ceremony live on TV.（2014北京）
A. watch B. to watch C. watched D. watching
【解析】因为watch与前面的逻辑主语millions of people构成逻辑上的主动关系，所以使用现在分词做定语。watching the opening ceremony live on TV相当于定语从句who were watching the opening ceremony live on TV，因此选D。
6. The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras______ to our shop for quality problems.（2014重庆）
A. turning B. returned C. to turn D. to be returned
【解析】 “这位生产商经常过来收集因质量问题而被退回的相机”，return与前面的cameras构成逻辑上的被动关系，所以要使用过去分词短语在句中做定语来修饰cameras。从语法作用上来说，这相当于一个定语从句which are returned...to be returned，表示将要被退回，故选B。
1.在感官动词后做宾语补足语
感官动词feel， listen to， hear， see， look at， watch， notice， observe等后面的宾语与充当宾语补足语的非谓语动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不带to的不定式做宾语补足语，表示动作的全过程，在被动式后做主语补足语时要加to；用现在分词做宾语补足语，表示动作正在发生；用现在分词的被动式做宾语补足语，表示动作正在被进行；表示被动关系或动作已经完成，用过去分词做宾语补足语。 2. 在介词with后做宾语补足语
在with的宾语后面，若用过去分词，则表示宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经完成；若用现在分词，则表示宾语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作的持续进行；若用带to的不定式，则表示将来的动作，宾语与不定式在逻辑上可以是主动关系也可以是被动关系。
【高考链接】
7. They knew her very well. They had seen her______ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
【解析】答案为A。句子意思是“他们看着她从小孩子到长大成人”，本句感官动词seen强调的是小孩成长的整个过程，因此用see sb. do的句型。
8. After a knock at the door， the child heard his mother’s voice______ him.
A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call
【解析】现在分词表示主动关系，the child heard his mother’s voice calling him表示“孩子听见母亲在喊他”，非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系表示主动，所以选A。
9. Listening to music at home is one thing， going to hear it______ live is quite another. （2015浙江）
A. perform B. performing
C. to perform D. being performed
【解析】“在家里面听音乐是一回事，去现场听又是另一回事”，在现场听音乐指音乐正在被演奏，应该用现在分词的被动式来表达，故选D。
独立主格结构在形式上与主句没有任何关系，但是在意思上却与主句密切联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语意环境。独立主格结构只有逻辑上的主语，没有主语和谓语，所以在句法上不是句子，只是一个独立于句子成分之外的特殊结构。独立主格结构历来是考生失分的重灾区，考生要把握语境，仔细甄别。
【高考链接】
10. Much time______ sitting at a desk， office workers are generally troubled by health problems.（2015江苏）
A. being spent B. having spent
C. spent D. spending
【解析】 “上班族坐在办公桌前太久，一般会受到健康问题的困扰”，分析句子结构可知，分词的逻辑主语和后面主句的主语不一致，应用独立主格结构。分词主语和分词动作之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且动作已完成，故用过去分词，选C。
11. The lecture______， a lively question-and-answer session followed.（2014江苏）
A. being given B. having given
C. to be given D. having been given
【解析】a lively question-and-answer session followed是一个完整的句子，本题的两部分之间缺少连词，所以逗号前面不能是句子，只能是一个独立主格结构。the lecture与give之间构成被动关系，排除B项，A项表示正在进行，C项不定式表示将要进行，都不符合语意，D项having been given在做状语的时候相当于given，表示动作比主句的动作先发生，因此选D。
小编推荐：理科版“花样语法系列”重点剖析了虚拟语气考查热点，对现实和虚拟还分不清楚的考生，赶紧把它带回家吧。
Officials from South Korea and North Korea announced Tuesday they had reached an agreement. South Korea agreed to end its propaganda broadcasting into North Korea after Pyongyang expressed "regret"about a recent land-mine explosion that wounded two soldiers from the South.
The two sides were holding talks at the Panmunjom truce village. The talks began on Saturday after North Korean leader Kim Jong Un had declared a "quasi-state of war" against the South. Last week， the two Koreas also exchanged artillery fire. No deaths were reported.
South Korea’s presidential security adviser said the two countries also agreed to hold talks again soon about improving relations. South Korean soldiers stand guard at checkpoint on Grand Unification Bridge which leads to Panmunjom， in Paju， South Korea， Aug. 24， 2015. The United States， an ally of South Korea， welcomed the agreement. State Department spokesman John Kirby called the agreement a compromise. He said it is now up to North Korea "to act and not simply make assurances" about its military activities along the border between the two countries.
News from Bangkok says police are searching thousands of homes and buildings in Bangkok for clues in a bomb attack at a religious shrine a week ago. The bombing killed at least 20 people and injured more than 100 others. No one has claimed responsibility for the attack.
Police say they need to examine more than 10，000 places in the Thai capital， some more than once. More than 1，000 police officers， soldiers and others are involved in the search. Thai officials want to show travelers that Bangkok is safe.
In France， French President Francois Hollande has given the country’s highest award--the Legion of Honor--to three Americans and a Briton. The four men stopped a heavily-armed gunman from killing people on a train Friday.
Mr. Hollande said the actions of the men are， in his words， "a message of courage， solidarity and hope." Spanish officials say the attacker is a 25-year-old man from Morocco. He reportedly was in Syria some time during the past year.
1. Why did South Korea think that North Korea needed to express "regret" ？
A. North Korea has kept propaganda broadcasting into South Korea recently.
B. North Korea’s land-mine exploded injuring soldiers from South Korea.
C. North Korea had declared a
quasi-state of war against South Korea.
D. North Korea didn’t make assurances about its military activities along the border.
2. What was the attitude of the United States toward the agreement between the two Koreas？
A. Suspicious. B. Negative.
C. Critical. D. Enthusiastic.
3. What can we infer from the passage？
A. The bomb attack must have great impact on Bangkok’s tourism.
B. The bomb attack has caused great damage to the city of Bangkok.
C. The police have found out who are to blame for the bomb attack.
D. The city government has made great effort to protect the travelers.
【答案】 1. B 2. D 3. A
【生词】
1. truce [tru?s] n. 停战
2. quasi-state of war 准战时状态
3. shrine [?ra?n] n. 圣地
4. Legion of Honor军团勋章
5. solidarity [，s?l?'d?r?t?] n. 团结
【长难句分析】
South Korea agreed to end its propaganda broadcasting into North Korea after Pyongyang expressedregret about a recent land-mine explosion that wounded two soldiers from the South.
当平壤方面就最近发生的地雷爆炸事件表示歉意之后，韩国同意停止针对朝鲜的宣传战。这次地雷爆炸事件造成韩国两名士兵受伤。
这是一个主从复合句。after引导时间状语从句，that引导定语从句，修饰land-mine explosion。
1.不定式表目的时，不定式可放在句子的前面，也可放在句子的末尾。放在句子前面时，不定式常与句子用逗号隔开，如果位于句子末尾，则一般不用逗号隔开。注意：only+动词不定式常表示“未预料到的、令人沮丧的结果”。
2.现在分词做状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，选用分词时，一定要看分词与逻辑主语（即句子的主语）的关系。如果与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生，选用现在分词的一般式；如果分词的动作先于谓语动词发生，且表示主动，则用分词的完成式；如果分词的动作先于谓语动词发生，且表示被动，就用分词完成式的被动形式。
3. done一般表示非谓语动词的动作在谓语动词之前发生或同时发生，且表示被动。
【高考链接】
1. Anxiously， she took the dress out of the package and tried it on， only______ it didn’t fit.（2014天津）
A. to find B. found C. finding D. having found
【解析】不定式常和only连用，表示出乎意料的结果。finding表示意料之中的结果，“裙子不合适”是意料之外的结果，所以选A。
2. ______ for two days， Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.（2015天津）
A. To work B. Worked
C. To be working D. Having worked
【解析】句意为“工作了两天，Steve按时完成了报告”，句中的逻辑主语为Steve，与work之间为主动关系，且work的动作发生在finish之前，所以用现在分词完成式来表达，选D。
3. ______ to work overtime that evening， I missed a wonderful film.（2012重庆）
A. Having been asked B. To ask
C. Having asked D. To be asked
【解析】逗号前为原因状语，空白处与句子的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，由此可排除表示主动关系的B项和C项。D项常充当目的状语和结果状语，不充当原因状语，也可排除。A项为现在分词完成式的被动形式，表示非谓语动词的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生，因此选A。
1.不定式做定语表示将来意义，既有主动形式，也有被动形式。不定式做定语多和被修饰的名词具有动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式动词后面加上相应的介词。
2.现在分词做定语多和被修饰的名词具有主谓关系，即现在分词用主动式时，被修饰的名词正在执行其动作。现在分词用被动式时，表示被修饰的名词正在承受其动作。
3.过去分词做定语与其所修饰的名词有动宾关系，表示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。
【高考链接】
4. There are still many problems______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.（2014北京）
A. solving B. solved
C. being solved D. to be solved
【解析】根据后面for a long stay on the Moon可知，我们有很多将要解决的问题，表示将来的动作要用不定式充当定语，又因为非谓语动词的动作与逻辑主语many problems构成被动关系，所以选D。
5. Last night， there were millions of people______ the opening ceremony live on TV.（2014北京）
A. watch B. to watch C. watched D. watching
【解析】因为watch与前面的逻辑主语millions of people构成逻辑上的主动关系，所以使用现在分词做定语。watching the opening ceremony live on TV相当于定语从句who were watching the opening ceremony live on TV，因此选D。
6. The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras______ to our shop for quality problems.（2014重庆）
A. turning B. returned C. to turn D. to be returned
【解析】 “这位生产商经常过来收集因质量问题而被退回的相机”，return与前面的cameras构成逻辑上的被动关系，所以要使用过去分词短语在句中做定语来修饰cameras。从语法作用上来说，这相当于一个定语从句which are returned...to be returned，表示将要被退回，故选B。
1.在感官动词后做宾语补足语
感官动词feel， listen to， hear， see， look at， watch， notice， observe等后面的宾语与充当宾语补足语的非谓语动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不带to的不定式做宾语补足语，表示动作的全过程，在被动式后做主语补足语时要加to；用现在分词做宾语补足语，表示动作正在发生；用现在分词的被动式做宾语补足语，表示动作正在被进行；表示被动关系或动作已经完成，用过去分词做宾语补足语。 2. 在介词with后做宾语补足语
在with的宾语后面，若用过去分词，则表示宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经完成；若用现在分词，则表示宾语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作的持续进行；若用带to的不定式，则表示将来的动作，宾语与不定式在逻辑上可以是主动关系也可以是被动关系。
【高考链接】
7. They knew her very well. They had seen her______ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
【解析】答案为A。句子意思是“他们看着她从小孩子到长大成人”，本句感官动词seen强调的是小孩成长的整个过程，因此用see sb. do的句型。
8. After a knock at the door， the child heard his mother’s voice______ him.
A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call
【解析】现在分词表示主动关系，the child heard his mother’s voice calling him表示“孩子听见母亲在喊他”，非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系表示主动，所以选A。
9. Listening to music at home is one thing， going to hear it______ live is quite another. （2015浙江）
A. perform B. performing
C. to perform D. being performed
【解析】“在家里面听音乐是一回事，去现场听又是另一回事”，在现场听音乐指音乐正在被演奏，应该用现在分词的被动式来表达，故选D。
独立主格结构在形式上与主句没有任何关系，但是在意思上却与主句密切联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语意环境。独立主格结构只有逻辑上的主语，没有主语和谓语，所以在句法上不是句子，只是一个独立于句子成分之外的特殊结构。独立主格结构历来是考生失分的重灾区，考生要把握语境，仔细甄别。
【高考链接】
10. Much time______ sitting at a desk， office workers are generally troubled by health problems.（2015江苏）
A. being spent B. having spent
C. spent D. spending
【解析】 “上班族坐在办公桌前太久，一般会受到健康问题的困扰”，分析句子结构可知，分词的逻辑主语和后面主句的主语不一致，应用独立主格结构。分词主语和分词动作之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且动作已完成，故用过去分词，选C。
11. The lecture______， a lively question-and-answer session followed.（2014江苏）
A. being given B. having given
C. to be given D. having been given
【解析】a lively question-and-answer session followed是一个完整的句子，本题的两部分之间缺少连词，所以逗号前面不能是句子，只能是一个独立主格结构。the lecture与give之间构成被动关系，排除B项，A项表示正在进行，C项不定式表示将要进行，都不符合语意，D项having been given在做状语的时候相当于given，表示动作比主句的动作先发生，因此选D。
小编推荐：理科版“花样语法系列”重点剖析了虚拟语气考查热点，对现实和虚拟还分不清楚的考生，赶紧把它带回家吧。
Officials from South Korea and North Korea announced Tuesday they had reached an agreement. South Korea agreed to end its propaganda broadcasting into North Korea after Pyongyang expressed "regret"about a recent land-mine explosion that wounded two soldiers from the South.
The two sides were holding talks at the Panmunjom truce village. The talks began on Saturday after North Korean leader Kim Jong Un had declared a "quasi-state of war" against the South. Last week， the two Koreas also exchanged artillery fire. No deaths were reported.
South Korea’s presidential security adviser said the two countries also agreed to hold talks again soon about improving relations. South Korean soldiers stand guard at checkpoint on Grand Unification Bridge which leads to Panmunjom， in Paju， South Korea， Aug. 24， 2015. The United States， an ally of South Korea， welcomed the agreement. State Department spokesman John Kirby called the agreement a compromise. He said it is now up to North Korea "to act and not simply make assurances" about its military activities along the border between the two countries.
News from Bangkok says police are searching thousands of homes and buildings in Bangkok for clues in a bomb attack at a religious shrine a week ago. The bombing killed at least 20 people and injured more than 100 others. No one has claimed responsibility for the attack.
Police say they need to examine more than 10，000 places in the Thai capital， some more than once. More than 1，000 police officers， soldiers and others are involved in the search. Thai officials want to show travelers that Bangkok is safe.
In France， French President Francois Hollande has given the country’s highest award--the Legion of Honor--to three Americans and a Briton. The four men stopped a heavily-armed gunman from killing people on a train Friday.
Mr. Hollande said the actions of the men are， in his words， "a message of courage， solidarity and hope." Spanish officials say the attacker is a 25-year-old man from Morocco. He reportedly was in Syria some time during the past year.
1. Why did South Korea think that North Korea needed to express "regret" ？
A. North Korea has kept propaganda broadcasting into South Korea recently.
B. North Korea’s land-mine exploded injuring soldiers from South Korea.
C. North Korea had declared a
quasi-state of war against South Korea.
D. North Korea didn’t make assurances about its military activities along the border.
2. What was the attitude of the United States toward the agreement between the two Koreas？
A. Suspicious. B. Negative.
C. Critical. D. Enthusiastic.
3. What can we infer from the passage？
A. The bomb attack must have great impact on Bangkok’s tourism.
B. The bomb attack has caused great damage to the city of Bangkok.
C. The police have found out who are to blame for the bomb attack.
D. The city government has made great effort to protect the travelers.
【答案】 1. B 2. D 3. A
【生词】
1. truce [tru?s] n. 停战
2. quasi-state of war 准战时状态
3. shrine [?ra?n] n. 圣地
4. Legion of Honor军团勋章
5. solidarity [，s?l?'d?r?t?] n. 团结
【长难句分析】
South Korea agreed to end its propaganda broadcasting into North Korea after Pyongyang expressedregret about a recent land-mine explosion that wounded two soldiers from the South.
当平壤方面就最近发生的地雷爆炸事件表示歉意之后，韩国同意停止针对朝鲜的宣传战。这次地雷爆炸事件造成韩国两名士兵受伤。
这是一个主从复合句。after引导时间状语从句，that引导定语从句，修饰land-mine explosion。