Objective: Population-based cancer registration data in 2012 from all available cancer registries in Henan province were collected by Henan Office for Cancer Research and Control. The numbers of new cancer cases and cancer deaths in Henan province with compiled cancer incidence and mortality rates were estimated.Methods: In 2015, all registries’ data in Henan province were qualified for the national cancer registry annual report in 2012. The pooled data were stratified by area(urban/rural), gender, age group(0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, …, 85+) and cancer type. New cancer cases and deaths were estimated using age-specific rates and corresponding population of Henan province in 2012. The Chinese census data in 2000 and Segi’s population were applied for age-standardized rates. All the rates were expressed per 100,000 person-years.Results: Qualified 19 cancer registries(4 urban and 15 rural registries) covered 16,082,688 populations of Henan province in 2012. The percentage of cases with morphologically verified(MV%) and death certificateonly cases(DCO%) were 69.84% and 2.30%, respectively, and the mortality to incidence rate ratio(M/I) was 0.64. It was estimated that there were 248,510 new cancer cases and 158,630 cancer deaths in Henan province in 2012. The incidence rate was 266.17/100,000(288.61/100,000 in males and 241.86/100,000 in females), the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population(ASIRC) and by world standard population(ASIRW) were 208.95/100,000 and 206.41/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate(0-74 years old) of 24.30%. The crude incidence rate in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas. However, after adjusted by age, the cancer incidence rate in rural was higher than that in urban areas. The crude mortality of all cancers in Henan province was 169.90/100,000(201.23/100,000 in males and 135.95/100,000 in females). The age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population(ASMRC) and by world standard population(ASMRW) were 131.20/100,000 and 130.80/100,000, respectively. Among the patients aged 0-74 years, the cumulative mortality rate was 15.03%. The crude cancer mortality rate in urban areas was higher than that of rural areas. However, the age-standardized rate in rural areas was higher than that of urban areas. Cancers of lung, stomach, esophagus, liver, female breast, colorectum, cervix, brain, uterus and ovary were the most common cancers, accounting for about 82.80% of all cancer new cases. Lung cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, female breast cancer, brain cancer, leukemia, pancreatic cancer and cervix cancer were the leading causes of cancer deaths, accounting for about 88.50% of all cancer deaths. The burden between urban and rural, males and females were different.Conclusions: Registration data of Henan province was qualified to provide basic information on population-based cancer incidence, mortality for cancer prevention and control. The upper digestive tract cancer burden in Henan province, especially for males in rural areas, was higher. The incidence rate of female breast cancer was higher in urban areas. Targeted prevention, early detection and treatment programs should be carried out by health department to control the cancer burden.