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（Science and Technology Division， Yunnan Minzu University， Kunming， 650500 ，China）
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY， VOL. 8， NO.1， 75-83， 2017 （CN51-1731/C， in Chinese）
DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2017.01.09Abstract：Against the background of good border trade policies and the prosperous economy of China， and in addition to the ethnic groups who have lived along the border for generations， a large number of Burmese nationals have entered the Sino-Burmese border area， seeking opportunities to work， trade and live. Among the population of foreigners living in China， Burmese nationals take fourth place. They are mainly distributed in the Sino-Burmese border areas. Based on an in-depth investigation of the Burmese nationals who have crossed the border and live in the Ruili National Development Experimental Zone， the paper points out the structural differences between those Burmese nationals who belong to Cross-border Ethnic Groups and those who are cross-border migrants and who concentrate in and ethnic enclaves. It also specifies their different means of livelihood， living spaces and religious practices.
The survey shows that the Burmese nationals who belong to Cross-border Ethnic Groups can be traced back to the official border demarcation of the two countries in 1960， when they migrated to towns and farms in Ruili， mainly through marriage， and made their living by engaging in traditional agriculture， selling petty commodities， trading agricultural products， opening traditional restaurant/guest houses， offering tourism services or starting family handicraft workshops. They mainly speak their ethnic minority language， and are able to understand some Chinese. They are bound together by the same religious beliefs inside and outside of China. According to the investigation， since the marriage registration for Sino-Burmese Border Area in 2006， at the end of 2014， there are 2331 registered transnational couples in Ruili City， all of whom are Burmese nationals who live along the border. Except for some Han People who married other ethnic peoples， the rest of the ethnic groups were endogamous. According to my field survey， which was confirmed by local woman cardees， the number of cross-border marriages in Ruili is actually much higher than this statistic. This is because， for a variety of reasons， a substantial number of couples did not go to the registration office.
As for the Burmese who are cross-border migrants and who concentrate in ethnic enclaves， they are mostly Burman， Sino-Burmese， Burmese Indians and Burmese Pakistanis， and Arakanese. Since Chinas 1992 policy to open the border， the Jiegao Bridge connecting China and Burma was built， and this group of people began to enter China. In recent years， with the industrial transformation and development in the Ruili area， as well as the better social environment， more and more Burmese nationals have crossed the border and settled down in Ruili， making a living by buying（or renting） houses， selling raw materials for jewelry and jade， processing Rosewood， and working as factory workers， construction workers， waiters and waitresses， and peddlers， etc. They mainly speak Burmese （Sino-Burmese are bilingual）. Influenced and dominated by government policies， their choices of living areas are related to their ethnic identity， religious beliefs and economic power. The city of Ruili has undoubtedly left its mark. In summary，although the “human migration” of a “Transnational class” under the background of globalization， including -immigrants， migrant laborers， and migrant businessmen， “Transnational social space” has been constructed in various megalopolis like Beijing， Shanghai， Guangzhou and Shenzhen， a more complicated means of livelihood and living space has been constructed by those Burmese nationals “who belong to Cross-border Ethnic Groups”， and those Burmese nationals who cross the border as migrants and live in ethnic enclaves in the border cities and towns of Yunnan and Burma.
Key Words：Sino-Burmese Border， Ruili， Burmese nationals， means of livelihood， living space.
References：
Fang Tie.yunnan kuajing minzu de fenbu，liayuan jiqi tedian （Distribution，Origin and Characteristics of Cross-border Ethnic Groups in Yunnan Province）. In Journal of GuangXi University for Nationalities （Philosophy and Social Science Edition）， 2007（5）：9-20.
He Ming.kaifang， hexie yu zuquan kuaguo hudong—yi zhongguo xinan yu dongnanya guojia bianmin kuaguo liudong wei zhongxin de taolun （Openness，Harmony and Transnational Ethnic Interaction-A Discussion around the Transnational Population Flows between Southwest China and Southeast Asia）. In Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities （Philosophy and Social Science Edition），2012（1）：2-7.
He Shaoying. yunnan kuajing minzu wenhua chutan （Research on Cross- border National Culture in Yunnan. Beijing： zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe， 2011.
Li Tao. dehong daizu jingpozu zizhizhou mianji “sanfei” renyuan de guanli wenti yanjiu （Research on the Administration of Illegal Immigrants of Burmese in Dehong.Yunnan. M.A.thesis， Yunnan University.2013.
LiYujie. dehong bianjing diqu “sanfei” waiguoren xiangzhuang de sikao yu duice （Thoughts and Countermeasures towards Illegal Foreign Immigrants in Dehong Border Areas）.In Journal of Yunnan Police Officer Academy，2012（5）：116-119.
LiangYucheng. zai guangzhou de feizhouyi yimin xingwei de yinguo jizhi—leiji yinguo shiye xia de yimin xingwei yanjiu（African Immigration in Guangzhou， China：A Cumulative Causation Perspective on Immigrating Behavior）. In Socological Studies，2013（1）：134-244.
Liu Yungang， Tan Yuwen. Zhou Wenting. guanzhou riben yimin de shenghuo huodong yu shenghuo kongjian （Japanese Expatriates in Guangzhou City：The Activity and Living Space）.In ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA， 2010（65）：1173-1186.
LiuYungang， Chen Yue.guangzhou riben yimin zuyi jingji de xingcheng jiqi shehui kongjian tezheng （Global Economy，Local Landscape：Study on the Ethnic Economy of Japanese Expatriates in Guangzhou City）.In ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA.2014（10）：1533-1546. Li Zhigang， Xue Desheng， Lyons Metal.guangzhou xiaobeilu heiren jujuqu shehui kongjian fenxi （The African Enclave of Guangzhou： A Case Study of Xiaobeilu）. In ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA，2008（2）：207-218.
Ma Xiaoyan.yimin shequ de duoyuan wenhua chongtu yu hexie—beijingshi wangjing “hanguocheng” yanjiu（The Conflicts and Harmony of Multi-culture in Immigrant Community-the Study of Wangjing “Korean Town” of Beijing）.In China Agricultural University Journal of Social Sciences Edition，2008（4）：118-126.
Yao Huasong， Xu Xueqiang. xifang renkiu qianyi yanjiu jinzhan （Progress of Research on Migration in Western Countries）. In World Regional Studies.2008（1）：154-166.
Zhang Jinpeng， Bao Yueping. yunnan bianjiang minzu diqu kuajing hunyin yu shehui wending yanjiu （Research on Cross-border Marriage and Social Stability in the Minority Borderland of Yunnan）. In Journal of Yunnan University of Nationalities（Social Sciences）， 2013（1）：47-54.
Zhang Chengtie. dehong bianjing xian shi mianji laowu renyuan qunti tedian jiqi yixiang（Features and Effects of Myanmar workers in Dehong of Yunnan province）.Manager Journal，2013（28）：70-71.
Zhang Jiazhong. ruili shi waiji liudong renkao de tedian（Characteristics of Foreign Floating Population in Ruili）. In Journal of Hubei University of Police，2014（1）：35-36.
Zhang Jing. fazhi shiye xian mianji wugong renyuan de guanli he fuwu（Service and Administration of Burmese Laborer in the View of Legality）. In Legal System and Society， 2013：209-210.
Zhao Xiuyi. Jujiao zhongguo laodong zhibian—laodong guannian de shidai yueqian yu laodong xingtai de jiazha zhuanhuan （Focusing on Changes of “Labor” in China—Time Transition of Labor Concept and Value Transformation of Labor Relation）. In Exploration and Free Views，2015（5）：23-26.
Zheng Xiaoyun. dangdai bianjiang diqu de minzu rentong yu guojia rentong —cong yunnan tanqi （Ethnic Identity and National Identity in Contemporary Frontier Areas-A Case Study of Yunnan Province）. In Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities（Humanities and Social Sciences），2011（4）：1-6.
Zhou Ping. bianjiang zhili shiye zhong de rentong wenti （On the Identity Problems in the Perspective of Borderland Administration）. In Journal of Yunnan Normal University（Humanities and Social Sciences）.2009（1）：11-17.
Zhou Daming.wailaigong yu “eryuan shehui” （Migrant Labor and the“Dual Community”in the Pearl River Delta）. In Jouraal of Sun Yat-sen University（Social Science Edition），2000（2）：107-112.
JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY， VOL. 8， NO.1， 75-83， 2017 （CN51-1731/C， in Chinese）
DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-9391.2017.01.09Abstract：Against the background of good border trade policies and the prosperous economy of China， and in addition to the ethnic groups who have lived along the border for generations， a large number of Burmese nationals have entered the Sino-Burmese border area， seeking opportunities to work， trade and live. Among the population of foreigners living in China， Burmese nationals take fourth place. They are mainly distributed in the Sino-Burmese border areas. Based on an in-depth investigation of the Burmese nationals who have crossed the border and live in the Ruili National Development Experimental Zone， the paper points out the structural differences between those Burmese nationals who belong to Cross-border Ethnic Groups and those who are cross-border migrants and who concentrate in and ethnic enclaves. It also specifies their different means of livelihood， living spaces and religious practices.
The survey shows that the Burmese nationals who belong to Cross-border Ethnic Groups can be traced back to the official border demarcation of the two countries in 1960， when they migrated to towns and farms in Ruili， mainly through marriage， and made their living by engaging in traditional agriculture， selling petty commodities， trading agricultural products， opening traditional restaurant/guest houses， offering tourism services or starting family handicraft workshops. They mainly speak their ethnic minority language， and are able to understand some Chinese. They are bound together by the same religious beliefs inside and outside of China. According to the investigation， since the marriage registration for Sino-Burmese Border Area in 2006， at the end of 2014， there are 2331 registered transnational couples in Ruili City， all of whom are Burmese nationals who live along the border. Except for some Han People who married other ethnic peoples， the rest of the ethnic groups were endogamous. According to my field survey， which was confirmed by local woman cardees， the number of cross-border marriages in Ruili is actually much higher than this statistic. This is because， for a variety of reasons， a substantial number of couples did not go to the registration office.
As for the Burmese who are cross-border migrants and who concentrate in ethnic enclaves， they are mostly Burman， Sino-Burmese， Burmese Indians and Burmese Pakistanis， and Arakanese. Since Chinas 1992 policy to open the border， the Jiegao Bridge connecting China and Burma was built， and this group of people began to enter China. In recent years， with the industrial transformation and development in the Ruili area， as well as the better social environment， more and more Burmese nationals have crossed the border and settled down in Ruili， making a living by buying（or renting） houses， selling raw materials for jewelry and jade， processing Rosewood， and working as factory workers， construction workers， waiters and waitresses， and peddlers， etc. They mainly speak Burmese （Sino-Burmese are bilingual）. Influenced and dominated by government policies， their choices of living areas are related to their ethnic identity， religious beliefs and economic power. The city of Ruili has undoubtedly left its mark. In summary，although the “human migration” of a “Transnational class” under the background of globalization， including -immigrants， migrant laborers， and migrant businessmen， “Transnational social space” has been constructed in various megalopolis like Beijing， Shanghai， Guangzhou and Shenzhen， a more complicated means of livelihood and living space has been constructed by those Burmese nationals “who belong to Cross-border Ethnic Groups”， and those Burmese nationals who cross the border as migrants and live in ethnic enclaves in the border cities and towns of Yunnan and Burma.
Key Words：Sino-Burmese Border， Ruili， Burmese nationals， means of livelihood， living space.
References：
Fang Tie.yunnan kuajing minzu de fenbu，liayuan jiqi tedian （Distribution，Origin and Characteristics of Cross-border Ethnic Groups in Yunnan Province）. In Journal of GuangXi University for Nationalities （Philosophy and Social Science Edition）， 2007（5）：9-20.
He Ming.kaifang， hexie yu zuquan kuaguo hudong—yi zhongguo xinan yu dongnanya guojia bianmin kuaguo liudong wei zhongxin de taolun （Openness，Harmony and Transnational Ethnic Interaction-A Discussion around the Transnational Population Flows between Southwest China and Southeast Asia）. In Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities （Philosophy and Social Science Edition），2012（1）：2-7.
He Shaoying. yunnan kuajing minzu wenhua chutan （Research on Cross- border National Culture in Yunnan. Beijing： zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe， 2011.
Li Tao. dehong daizu jingpozu zizhizhou mianji “sanfei” renyuan de guanli wenti yanjiu （Research on the Administration of Illegal Immigrants of Burmese in Dehong.Yunnan. M.A.thesis， Yunnan University.2013.
LiYujie. dehong bianjing diqu “sanfei” waiguoren xiangzhuang de sikao yu duice （Thoughts and Countermeasures towards Illegal Foreign Immigrants in Dehong Border Areas）.In Journal of Yunnan Police Officer Academy，2012（5）：116-119.
LiangYucheng. zai guangzhou de feizhouyi yimin xingwei de yinguo jizhi—leiji yinguo shiye xia de yimin xingwei yanjiu（African Immigration in Guangzhou， China：A Cumulative Causation Perspective on Immigrating Behavior）. In Socological Studies，2013（1）：134-244.
Liu Yungang， Tan Yuwen. Zhou Wenting. guanzhou riben yimin de shenghuo huodong yu shenghuo kongjian （Japanese Expatriates in Guangzhou City：The Activity and Living Space）.In ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA， 2010（65）：1173-1186.
LiuYungang， Chen Yue.guangzhou riben yimin zuyi jingji de xingcheng jiqi shehui kongjian tezheng （Global Economy，Local Landscape：Study on the Ethnic Economy of Japanese Expatriates in Guangzhou City）.In ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA.2014（10）：1533-1546. Li Zhigang， Xue Desheng， Lyons Metal.guangzhou xiaobeilu heiren jujuqu shehui kongjian fenxi （The African Enclave of Guangzhou： A Case Study of Xiaobeilu）. In ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA，2008（2）：207-218.
Ma Xiaoyan.yimin shequ de duoyuan wenhua chongtu yu hexie—beijingshi wangjing “hanguocheng” yanjiu（The Conflicts and Harmony of Multi-culture in Immigrant Community-the Study of Wangjing “Korean Town” of Beijing）.In China Agricultural University Journal of Social Sciences Edition，2008（4）：118-126.
Yao Huasong， Xu Xueqiang. xifang renkiu qianyi yanjiu jinzhan （Progress of Research on Migration in Western Countries）. In World Regional Studies.2008（1）：154-166.
Zhang Jinpeng， Bao Yueping. yunnan bianjiang minzu diqu kuajing hunyin yu shehui wending yanjiu （Research on Cross-border Marriage and Social Stability in the Minority Borderland of Yunnan）. In Journal of Yunnan University of Nationalities（Social Sciences）， 2013（1）：47-54.
Zhang Chengtie. dehong bianjing xian shi mianji laowu renyuan qunti tedian jiqi yixiang（Features and Effects of Myanmar workers in Dehong of Yunnan province）.Manager Journal，2013（28）：70-71.
Zhang Jiazhong. ruili shi waiji liudong renkao de tedian（Characteristics of Foreign Floating Population in Ruili）. In Journal of Hubei University of Police，2014（1）：35-36.
Zhang Jing. fazhi shiye xian mianji wugong renyuan de guanli he fuwu（Service and Administration of Burmese Laborer in the View of Legality）. In Legal System and Society， 2013：209-210.
Zhao Xiuyi. Jujiao zhongguo laodong zhibian—laodong guannian de shidai yueqian yu laodong xingtai de jiazha zhuanhuan （Focusing on Changes of “Labor” in China—Time Transition of Labor Concept and Value Transformation of Labor Relation）. In Exploration and Free Views，2015（5）：23-26.
Zheng Xiaoyun. dangdai bianjiang diqu de minzu rentong yu guojia rentong —cong yunnan tanqi （Ethnic Identity and National Identity in Contemporary Frontier Areas-A Case Study of Yunnan Province）. In Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities（Humanities and Social Sciences），2011（4）：1-6.
Zhou Ping. bianjiang zhili shiye zhong de rentong wenti （On the Identity Problems in the Perspective of Borderland Administration）. In Journal of Yunnan Normal University（Humanities and Social Sciences）.2009（1）：11-17.
Zhou Daming.wailaigong yu “eryuan shehui” （Migrant Labor and the“Dual Community”in the Pearl River Delta）. In Jouraal of Sun Yat-sen University（Social Science Edition），2000（2）：107-112.