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在技术发展的历史上,为什么其他地区未能与欧洲同步?这是一个重要的问题,因为失败和成功能给我们同样的启迪。中国文明是唯一能够与欧洲相媲美甚至比欧洲更早地获得辉煌成就的文明。中国曾有两次机会:首先,在自有的传统和成就的基础上产生出可以持续的、自我支撑的科技进步的过程;第二,在十六世纪外国列强踏上中国领土的时候就学习欧洲的科技。中国两次错失良机。如何解释第一次机会的流失?我强调市场的作用:事实是,在欧洲企业是自由的,创新得以进行而且能够得到回报;而在中国则缺乏自由的市场和制度化的产权,中国政府总是在干预私营企业。至于第二次错失机会,原因在于中国文化上的自负加上日益严重的苛政,使得中国尤其不善学习。
In the history of technological development, why are other regions failing to keep pace with Europe? This is an important issue, because failure and success give us the same inspiration. Chinese civilization is the only civilization that can compete with Europe even earlier than Europe. China had two opportunities: firstly, it produced sustainable and self-sustaining progress in science and technology based on its own traditions and achievements; second, it learned when foreign powers embarked on Chinese territory in the 16th century European technology. China missed an opportunity twice. How can I explain the loss of my first opportunity? I emphasize the role of the market: the fact is that in Europe businesses are free, innovations can be made and rewarded, while in China there is a lack of free markets and institutionalized property rights. Is intervening in the private sector. As for the second missed opportunity, the reason is that the Chinese cultural self-sufficiency and the increasingly serious tyranny made China especially poor at learning.