Previous study showed that diapause in Bombyx mori eggs can be terminated by dechorionation and that activation in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in dechorionated cultured eggs is involved in diapause termination.In the present study,the possible mechanism underlying activation of ERK upon dechorionation was further investigated.Results showed that mechanical injury ofdiapause eggs without medium incubation also resulted in rapid increase in the phospho-ERK levels and that injury increased the phospho-ERK levels at different stages of both diapause eggs and eggs in which diapause initiation was prevented by HCl.Effects of anaerobiosis on dechorionation-stimulated phospho-ERK levels showed that the mechanical injury itself but not the dramatic increase in oxygen uptake upon injury is involved in a rapid activation of ERK.Chemical anaerobiosis on dechorionation-stimulated phospho-ERK levels and the in vivo effect of anaerobiosis showed that the supply of oxygen also plays a role in ERK signaling.In addition,injury induced the phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 kinase,components of two parallel MAPK pathways.A kinase assay showed a dramatic increase in JNK kinase activity in egg lysates upon injury.When newly hatched first instar larvae were injured,an increase in the phospho-ERK levels similar to that in deehorionated eggs was observed.From the results,we hypothesize that the injury-induced rapid activation of MAPK signaling,which serves as a natural signal for embryonic development,is related to diapause termination in dechorionated eggs.