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近年来色觉的分子生物学有了飞跃的发展,已经阐明了各种视色素蛋白的结构和功能,分离出各种视蛋白的基因并作了序列分析,初步在基因水平上提出了正常色觉和色盲的理论。视色素蛋白包括杆细胞中感受弱光的视紫红质、锥细胞的视红质、视绿质、视蓝质。视紫红质及视蓝质长度为348个氨基酸,视红质和视绿质为364个氨基酸。它们镶嵌在视网膜细胞膜上,每个分子嵌入并穿过脂双层七次,生成七个疏水区,排列成束状。中间为11-顺视黄醛。视色素基因由四个内含子和五个外显子组成。视红质与视绿质的氨基酸有96%的同源性,但它们与其它视色素的同源性较低。视紫红质基因位于人3号染色体上,视蓝质基因位于7号染色体上,视红质、视绿质基因位于 X 染色体上。视红质基因只有一个拷贝,视绿质基因拷贝数1～3个,它们首尾相接。这些基因构成了视色素基因家族。
In recent years, the molecular biology of color vision has been leapfrogged. The structure and function of various retinal proteins have been elucidated. The genes of various opsin proteins have been isolated and sequenced. At the gene level, normal color vision and Color blind theory. Visual chromosomal proteins include rhodopsin, which senses weak light in rod cells, ophthalmoplegia in cone cells, retinol, and retinal. Rhodopsin and visual blue length of 348 amino acids, depending on the quality of the red and the green as 364 amino acids. They are inlaid on the cell membrane of the retina, each molecule embedded in and crossing the lipid bilayer seven times, creating seven hydrophobic regions, arranged in bundles. The middle is 11-cis-retinal. The visual pigment gene consists of four introns and five exons. Optomelanins have 96% homology with retinal amino acids, but they have less homology with other retinoids. The rhodopsin gene is located on human chromosome 3, the apparent blue gene is located on chromosome 7, and the red matter and green gene are located on the X chromosome. Depending on the retinal gene only one copy, depending on the green copy number of genes 1 to 3, they are connected end to end. These genes constitute the visual pigment gene family.