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领导是否有效,是由领导者对下属影响的内容、程度及方式,领导与下属的满意度,领导和下属的群体绩效来衡量的。领导者对下属的影响,根据不同权力来源,有不同的内容和程度。领导者影响下属的权力来源包括五个:法定性权力、奖赏性权力、强制性权力、专家性权力、参照性权力。在此基础上,可以把领导的境界分为两类。第一类是负境界和零境界。负境界:领导
The effectiveness of leadership is measured by the content, extent and manner in which leaders influence subordinates, the satisfaction of leaders and subordinates, the performance of leadership and subordinate groups. The influence of leaders on subordinates has different contents and degrees depending on different sources of power. The sources of power that the leader influences subordinates include five: statutory power, reward power, mandatory power, expert power, reference power. On this basis, the realm of leadership can be divided into two categories. The first category is negative and zero realm. Negative Realm: Leadership