匈牙利早在20世纪60年代就开始进行经济改革,试图在传统的计划经济体制中引入市场机制。改革确实取得了一些成效,匈牙利也一度在短缺经济盛行的东欧成为了“消费者的天堂”,但是中央计划经济体制的积弊并没有得到解决。正如匈牙利经济学家科尔内认为,中央计划在匈牙利的收缩并不意味着出现了通常的竞争性的市场关系,相反,中央计划部分被市场型的控制所取代,部分被企业与财政当局特定的讨价 As early as the 1960s, Hungary started economic reforms and tried to introduce market mechanisms into the traditional planned economy. Indeed, the reforms have yielded some success. For a time, Hungary also became a “paradise for consumers” in the rapidly developing economy in the short run, but the accumulated disadvantages of the centrally planned economy have not been solved. As Koone, a Hungarian economist, argues, the contraction of the central plan in Hungary does not imply that the usual competitive market relations have emerged. Instead, the central planning component has been replaced by market-based controls and partly by enterprises and financial authorities Bargain