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Earthworms are important members of the soil macrofauna.Since C.Darwin (1881) described the important function of earthworms in pedogenesis and in maintenance of soil fertility, there has been continual interest in studying earthworm biology and ecology.Most of the attention in such studies is on earthworm functions in soil nutrient recycling.However, with increasing concerns about the environment, studies using earthworms to mediate organic waste treatment and as an indicator of soil pollution and remediation strategies have grown rapidly in recent years.It is under these circumstances that the 1 st International Earthworm Congress (IEC1) was held on June 24-29, 2018 in Shanghai, China.This congress joined the 11 th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology (ISEE 11), the 8th International Oligochaeta Taxonomy Meeting (IOTM 8), and the 1st International Earthworm Industry Forum (IEIF 1).It was the first joint meeting of these organizations, and thus many aspects of earthworm research were presented.This special issue includes 12 independent peer-reviewed papers selected as examples of the IEC 1 achievements and results, mainly concerned with the relationships of earthworms in soil ecology and organic waste management.