论文部分内容阅读
阅读理解是义务教育《英语课程标准》规定的重要内容。学生的英语阅读能力能够反映学生应用英语词汇、语法及语篇等语言知识的综合能力。据统计，近年我省各地的中考英语试卷中，阅读理解题（含读写相结合的题目，如：阅读与表达、任务型阅读、短文填空等）的分值权重已占到了40%左右。分析阅读理解题的命题特点，对于提高阅读理解能力和中考英语成绩都大有裨益。
一、总体分析
1. 命题形式
阅读文本后进行客观选择是各地共同采用的阅读理解能力考查形式，在此基础上，近年我省很多地区还采用了图表式任务型阅读的形式。
客观选择型阅读要求学生在阅读文本理解意思的基础上，完成文本后面附有的若干根据文本内容设计的测试题，从而检查学生对文本的理解程度，常采用的形式是要求学生对四个选项给出的信息进行确认、判断和推理。
图表式任务型阅读是任务驱动式的阅读，它要求学生根据所读材料提供的信息完成具有一定真实意义的任务，要求学生在阅读的基础上用英语表达，输出信息，即：完成图表。图表的设计常常与文本的篇章结构相对应，目的是考查学生在整体上把握文本结构的能力。图表中的行与列往往对应于文本不同段落的内容要点，各行各列可以反映出文本相应部分之间的逻辑关系。
2. 内容选择
中考阅读理解的题材非常广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等；体裁也非常的丰富，包括记叙文、说明文、应用文、图表等。阅读内容多为学生们所熟悉的素材，具有时代性、趣味性、实用性、文化性和社会性等特点。这些内容符合学生的年龄、认识和心理特点。同时，文本内容与学生的已有知识储备之间也存在着明显的信息差异，如果学生不能读懂文本，单独凭借已有的知识就无法完成阅读内容后的测试题。读懂这些内容，既需要学生掌握并熟悉运用所学的单词、词组、句型及相关的语法知识，而且需要学生具备根据书面信息进行逻辑推理和抽象概括的能力。
3. 考查技能
近年江苏中考阅读理解，客观选择型阅读主要涉及考查学生获取文本具体信息的能力；根据上下文语境或构词法等知识推断理解生词含义的能力；根据语篇内容进行大意概括的能力和根据文本线索推断出隐含的深层含义的能力。图表式任务型阅读要求学生在读懂文本的基础上，能够将语篇的主要结构和图表表达形式相对应、能够用不同的形式表达相同的信息、能够掌握不同词性充当不同成份等知识和能力。
二、例题解析
1. 阅读后客观选择题
例1. （2012 连云港市）（保留原题号）
阅读下列材料，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项。
“The only thing holding you back is yourself. Never say never”， said a rising 17-year-old singer， Justin Bieber， who was just an ordinary boy in Canada a few years ago.
After the accident of falling from the 18th floor and lying in the snow for three hours， my hands were frozen and my spinal cord （脊髓） was seriously injured. All the doctors and professors in the famous hospitals in Beijing told me that there was little chance for my hands and my body to recover （康复）.
After half a year of medical treatments and recovering exercises， I could not make any more progress for over a year. What was worse ， I suffered a lot from depression （绝望） .On top of this ， I suffered from insomnia， making every minute of the light seem to last forever. Hopelessly， mom and I came back to my hometown， which is small town in Guangdong.
At that time， I thought that I would never be able to walk again. I would never love and be loved. I would never be able to earn even a penny. I would never be able to repay the kindness I got from my parents and many nice people. Life was meaningless.
Now two years has passed. My hands are 80% recovered. I can even type faster than a healthy person！ Up to now， I have worked for a law firm as an interpreter for half a year already. Although I don’t earn as much as before， I am able to pay for the food and clothes I need. What’s more， I even have extra money to buy thanksgiving presents for my parents and my boyfriend. Through my blogs （博客） ， many people get to know me and like me. I can bring happiness to them. I can help those who are still suffering from depression and the pain of illnesses by chatting with them…You see， I am living a meaningful life and I am happier than ever I could have dreamed. So， my friends， never say never. As long as you are alive， there is always hope and possibilities. It is never too late to take action to realize your dreams.
38. What’s the writer’s present job？
A. A singer. B. A typist. C. A professor. D. An interpreter.
39. What does the underlined word “insomnia” in the third paragraph mean in Chinese？
A. 失眠 B. 失忆 C. 麻木 D. 低烧
40. All of the following words can be used to describe the writer’s present life EXCEPT_______.
A. helpful B. meaningful C. painful D. hopeful
41. According to the passage， which of the following statements about the writer is TRUE？
A. She gets a lot of help through her blogs.
B. She is in love with a young man at present.
C. She got medical treatment soon after the accident.
D. She had no job and earned little before the accident.
答案及命题分析：
本文主要讲述作者在一次意外中受伤，几乎丧失了自理能力，从而陷入绝望。但是，经过作者的坚持和努力，重获了新生。短文告诉我们，不轻言放弃，就会充满希望。
38. 答案为D。这是一道细节理解题。由第五段的“Up to now， I have worked for a law firm as an interpreter for half a year already.”得知。
39. 答案为A。这是一道细节推断题。由此单词后的“…making every minute of the light seem to last forever.”可以推断出此单词意为“失眠”。
40. 答案为C。这是一道综合理解题。短文最终表现出的是，现在作者对生活充满了信心和希望。只有C选项“painful”表现出的是一种消极的态度，与文意不符。
41. 答案为B。这是一道细节推断题。从倒数第二段的“What’s more， I even have extra money to buy thanksgiving presents for my parents and my boyfriend.”可以推断出答案。
例2.（2012 南京市）（保留原题号）
You may have noticed that the world’s population is not evenly distributed（分别） around our planet. There are some countries where people seem to be living nearly on top of each other because conditions are overcrowded. Then there are others where it seems that hardly anybody lives. What influences this unequal distribution of people？ There are specific advantages and disadvantages of living in a certain area.
The two main factors that influence people’s choice of location are climate and resources. Climate is the usual weather conditions in a region. Areas that have bad weather are generally less deal as places to live in. The north and south poles at the top and bottom of the world may be beautiful in their rugged， natural way， but the disadvantage of the bitterly cold and windy conditions usually keeps people away. When it comes to climate， warm conditions and a normal amount of rainfall are advantages that attract people.
Natural resources are things that we get from nature that help us survive. Each region offers different resources， and therefore attracts different groups of people. People who enjoy the beach car make their living by catching and selling the ocean’s many fish and other sea creatures. Those who prefer farming can take advantage of rich soil （土壤） in valleys near rivers. Some people are willing to accept the disadvantages of the terrible conditions of deserts or mountains in order to take advantage of the resources like oil or woods. 41. The underlined part “on top of” in the first paragraph most likely means_______.
A. very close to B. on the highest part of C. in control of D. on the surface of
42. What are the main factors that influence the distribution of people？
A. Resources and oceans. B. Climate and rivers.
C. Climate and resources. D. Warm conditions and rainfall.
43. The writer thinks many people don’t live near the north or South Pole because ________.
A. they can’t get enough food there B. they natural sights there don’t attract people
C. the unpleasant weather keeps them away D. the length of nighttime is too short or too long
44. Why do people go and live in valleys near rivers？
A. The temperature isn’t too low in winter.
B. the resources like oil can bring them much money.
C. People can make their living by catching and selling fish.
D. It’s easier for people to grow plants or keep animals.
45. The purpose of the example in the last paragraph is to tell us _______.
A. people cannot survive in cold conditions
B. different resource attract different groups of people
C. People usually prefer living at the seaside to living in mountains
D. a normal amount of rainfall is necessary for people to live in the desert
答案及命题分析：
本语篇主要讲述了全球人口分布不均匀的原因：位置和自然资源。
41. 答案为A。这是一道词义猜测题。由文章第一小段第二句“There are some countries where people seem to be living nearly on top of each other because conditions are overcrowded.”可知条件是拥挤的，推测出人们彼此的生活是“接近的”。
42. 答案为C。这是一道细节理解题。由第二段第一句话“The two main factors that influence people’s choice of location are climate and resources.”可知。
43. 答案为C。这是一道细节判断题。由第二段“The north and south poles at the top and bottom of the world may be beautiful in their rugged， natural way， but the disadvantage of the bitterly cold and windy conditions usually keeps people away.”可以知道答案。
44. 答案为D。这是一道推理判断题。由第三段“Those who prefer farming can take advantage of rich soil in valleys near rivers.”可以推断出：更易于人们种植农作物和饲养动物。
45. 答案为B。这是一道综合理解题。通读最后一段，并根据主旨句“Each region offers different resources， and therefore attracts different groups of people.”可以知道答案。
2. 图表式任务型阅读题
例1.（2012 扬州市市）（保留原题号）
阅读下列短文，根据短文中的信息完成文后表格。（每空一词）
What do we really mean by being open？ Being open is a kind of invitation to others to come in， to speak and to share. It is important in letting others get to know how we think and feel. In this way we will be understood and accepted by others. If we aren’t open with others， we won’t fully believe in ourselves or others. Here are a few ways for you to be more open. First， make your outside behavior the same with your inside feelings and thoughts. Second， share how you really feel about something instead of just opinions. Third， try to change your questions into statements （陈述句） and talk in the first person so that people will understand you more easily. For example， you might say， “I feel happy that you’re here，” instead of， “Are you glad that you’re here？” Finally， try not to say， “I don’t know.” This usually means I don’t want to think about it any more.
Remember also that it is not suitable to be open with everyone in every situation. You may want to be more open with close friends， but not with people you don’t know well， because you are not sure how someone else will use what they know about you. Besides， some people may not be used to too much openness. If we say everything we feel or think to them， they will feel very uncomfortable at times.
In all， being open is a good way for us to get on well with other people， but we’d better keep the balance between being open and not being too open.
Title： Being open
Meanings of being open 56 others to come in， to speak and to share.
Show others 57 we think and feel.
Let others understand and 58 us.
Believe in ourselves and others by being open.
59 to be more open Make 60 your outside behavior is the same with your inside feelings and thoughts.
Try to share your 61 feelings.
Make statements instead of 62 and use the first person.
Try not to say， “I don’t know.”
Reasons for not being too open Someone may use your 63 to hurt you.
You will make them feel very uncomfortable 64 .
Conclusion： It will 65 us get on well with others if we keep the balance between being open and not being too open.
答案及命题分析：
本语篇阐述了作者对“开放”的认识理解。短文从“Meanings of being open”、“ Ways to be more open”、“Reasons for not being too open”等方面给予了阐述。分析命题设计（表格设计）可以看出，除了表格第一行的“Title”和最后一行的“Conclusion”外，其他三行分别对应短文的一、二、三段，而且，表格右列中标记点部分的内容都与短文各段落内容完全匹配。
56、57、58空，对应短文第一段内容，答案分别为Invite、how / what、accept。
59、60、61、62空，对应短文第二段内容，答案分别为Ways、sure、real / true、questions。
63、64空，对应短文第三段内容，答案分别为information、sometimes。
65空对应短文的最后一小节“Conclusion”，答案为make / keep。
图表式任务型阅读题不同于阅读后客观选择题，这种阅读题型融合了词汇、语篇、结构等多个层次的要求，可以理解为是对阅读信息的二次加工过程，这样的题型更为注重考查学生英语知识综合运用的能力。
三、命题趋势
1. 命题形式趋于多元
客观选择型阅读理解仍然会是中考阅读题的主要形式，同时，阅读与表达相结合的形式会为更多的英语中考接受。除图表式任务型阅读外，任务型阅读还会有更为丰富多彩的形式，如：阅读后回答问题，根据短文内容完成单句，寻找最能表达短文主题的句子，将短文中的某个句子翻译为中文等。
2. 考查内容指向明晰
考查内容会主要集中在：理解并获取文章中的具体信息、根据语境猜测推断生词的意思、进行简单的判断推理、理解文章的基本结构、理解文章的主旨大意、理解作者的态度意图、把握文本篇章结构、对文本信息做简单加工等方面。
3. 选材贴近现实生活
在体裁多样的前提下，选材除了有趣、有内涵并富有教育意义外，会更为关注具有鲜明时代特征，地域文化并且实用性强（如产品说明书、广告图表等）的语言材料。这样的选材目的是为了强化语言的使用作用，引导学生关心生活，关心社会，同时，让学生在阅读过程中充分体验到学习英语的现实作用。
4. 总体遵循《课标》要求
2011版义务教育《英语课程标准》的五级目标对初中毕业应达到的五级技能提出了明确的要求。2013年中考英语阅读理解的命题会依据《课标》要求，坚持以考查学生的综合语言运用能力为目标，通过设置模拟真实的任务，考查学生利用语篇提供的信息解决相关问题的能力。
一、总体分析
1. 命题形式
阅读文本后进行客观选择是各地共同采用的阅读理解能力考查形式，在此基础上，近年我省很多地区还采用了图表式任务型阅读的形式。
客观选择型阅读要求学生在阅读文本理解意思的基础上，完成文本后面附有的若干根据文本内容设计的测试题，从而检查学生对文本的理解程度，常采用的形式是要求学生对四个选项给出的信息进行确认、判断和推理。
图表式任务型阅读是任务驱动式的阅读，它要求学生根据所读材料提供的信息完成具有一定真实意义的任务，要求学生在阅读的基础上用英语表达，输出信息，即：完成图表。图表的设计常常与文本的篇章结构相对应，目的是考查学生在整体上把握文本结构的能力。图表中的行与列往往对应于文本不同段落的内容要点，各行各列可以反映出文本相应部分之间的逻辑关系。
2. 内容选择
中考阅读理解的题材非常广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等；体裁也非常的丰富，包括记叙文、说明文、应用文、图表等。阅读内容多为学生们所熟悉的素材，具有时代性、趣味性、实用性、文化性和社会性等特点。这些内容符合学生的年龄、认识和心理特点。同时，文本内容与学生的已有知识储备之间也存在着明显的信息差异，如果学生不能读懂文本，单独凭借已有的知识就无法完成阅读内容后的测试题。读懂这些内容，既需要学生掌握并熟悉运用所学的单词、词组、句型及相关的语法知识，而且需要学生具备根据书面信息进行逻辑推理和抽象概括的能力。
3. 考查技能
近年江苏中考阅读理解，客观选择型阅读主要涉及考查学生获取文本具体信息的能力；根据上下文语境或构词法等知识推断理解生词含义的能力；根据语篇内容进行大意概括的能力和根据文本线索推断出隐含的深层含义的能力。图表式任务型阅读要求学生在读懂文本的基础上，能够将语篇的主要结构和图表表达形式相对应、能够用不同的形式表达相同的信息、能够掌握不同词性充当不同成份等知识和能力。
二、例题解析
1. 阅读后客观选择题
例1. （2012 连云港市）（保留原题号）
阅读下列材料，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项。
“The only thing holding you back is yourself. Never say never”， said a rising 17-year-old singer， Justin Bieber， who was just an ordinary boy in Canada a few years ago.
After the accident of falling from the 18th floor and lying in the snow for three hours， my hands were frozen and my spinal cord （脊髓） was seriously injured. All the doctors and professors in the famous hospitals in Beijing told me that there was little chance for my hands and my body to recover （康复）.
After half a year of medical treatments and recovering exercises， I could not make any more progress for over a year. What was worse ， I suffered a lot from depression （绝望） .On top of this ， I suffered from insomnia， making every minute of the light seem to last forever. Hopelessly， mom and I came back to my hometown， which is small town in Guangdong.
At that time， I thought that I would never be able to walk again. I would never love and be loved. I would never be able to earn even a penny. I would never be able to repay the kindness I got from my parents and many nice people. Life was meaningless.
Now two years has passed. My hands are 80% recovered. I can even type faster than a healthy person！ Up to now， I have worked for a law firm as an interpreter for half a year already. Although I don’t earn as much as before， I am able to pay for the food and clothes I need. What’s more， I even have extra money to buy thanksgiving presents for my parents and my boyfriend. Through my blogs （博客） ， many people get to know me and like me. I can bring happiness to them. I can help those who are still suffering from depression and the pain of illnesses by chatting with them…You see， I am living a meaningful life and I am happier than ever I could have dreamed. So， my friends， never say never. As long as you are alive， there is always hope and possibilities. It is never too late to take action to realize your dreams.
38. What’s the writer’s present job？
A. A singer. B. A typist. C. A professor. D. An interpreter.
39. What does the underlined word “insomnia” in the third paragraph mean in Chinese？
A. 失眠 B. 失忆 C. 麻木 D. 低烧
40. All of the following words can be used to describe the writer’s present life EXCEPT_______.
A. helpful B. meaningful C. painful D. hopeful
41. According to the passage， which of the following statements about the writer is TRUE？
A. She gets a lot of help through her blogs.
B. She is in love with a young man at present.
C. She got medical treatment soon after the accident.
D. She had no job and earned little before the accident.
答案及命题分析：
本文主要讲述作者在一次意外中受伤，几乎丧失了自理能力，从而陷入绝望。但是，经过作者的坚持和努力，重获了新生。短文告诉我们，不轻言放弃，就会充满希望。
38. 答案为D。这是一道细节理解题。由第五段的“Up to now， I have worked for a law firm as an interpreter for half a year already.”得知。
39. 答案为A。这是一道细节推断题。由此单词后的“…making every minute of the light seem to last forever.”可以推断出此单词意为“失眠”。
40. 答案为C。这是一道综合理解题。短文最终表现出的是，现在作者对生活充满了信心和希望。只有C选项“painful”表现出的是一种消极的态度，与文意不符。
41. 答案为B。这是一道细节推断题。从倒数第二段的“What’s more， I even have extra money to buy thanksgiving presents for my parents and my boyfriend.”可以推断出答案。
例2.（2012 南京市）（保留原题号）
You may have noticed that the world’s population is not evenly distributed（分别） around our planet. There are some countries where people seem to be living nearly on top of each other because conditions are overcrowded. Then there are others where it seems that hardly anybody lives. What influences this unequal distribution of people？ There are specific advantages and disadvantages of living in a certain area.
The two main factors that influence people’s choice of location are climate and resources. Climate is the usual weather conditions in a region. Areas that have bad weather are generally less deal as places to live in. The north and south poles at the top and bottom of the world may be beautiful in their rugged， natural way， but the disadvantage of the bitterly cold and windy conditions usually keeps people away. When it comes to climate， warm conditions and a normal amount of rainfall are advantages that attract people.
Natural resources are things that we get from nature that help us survive. Each region offers different resources， and therefore attracts different groups of people. People who enjoy the beach car make their living by catching and selling the ocean’s many fish and other sea creatures. Those who prefer farming can take advantage of rich soil （土壤） in valleys near rivers. Some people are willing to accept the disadvantages of the terrible conditions of deserts or mountains in order to take advantage of the resources like oil or woods. 41. The underlined part “on top of” in the first paragraph most likely means_______.
A. very close to B. on the highest part of C. in control of D. on the surface of
42. What are the main factors that influence the distribution of people？
A. Resources and oceans. B. Climate and rivers.
C. Climate and resources. D. Warm conditions and rainfall.
43. The writer thinks many people don’t live near the north or South Pole because ________.
A. they can’t get enough food there B. they natural sights there don’t attract people
C. the unpleasant weather keeps them away D. the length of nighttime is too short or too long
44. Why do people go and live in valleys near rivers？
A. The temperature isn’t too low in winter.
B. the resources like oil can bring them much money.
C. People can make their living by catching and selling fish.
D. It’s easier for people to grow plants or keep animals.
45. The purpose of the example in the last paragraph is to tell us _______.
A. people cannot survive in cold conditions
B. different resource attract different groups of people
C. People usually prefer living at the seaside to living in mountains
D. a normal amount of rainfall is necessary for people to live in the desert
答案及命题分析：
本语篇主要讲述了全球人口分布不均匀的原因：位置和自然资源。
41. 答案为A。这是一道词义猜测题。由文章第一小段第二句“There are some countries where people seem to be living nearly on top of each other because conditions are overcrowded.”可知条件是拥挤的，推测出人们彼此的生活是“接近的”。
42. 答案为C。这是一道细节理解题。由第二段第一句话“The two main factors that influence people’s choice of location are climate and resources.”可知。
43. 答案为C。这是一道细节判断题。由第二段“The north and south poles at the top and bottom of the world may be beautiful in their rugged， natural way， but the disadvantage of the bitterly cold and windy conditions usually keeps people away.”可以知道答案。
44. 答案为D。这是一道推理判断题。由第三段“Those who prefer farming can take advantage of rich soil in valleys near rivers.”可以推断出：更易于人们种植农作物和饲养动物。
45. 答案为B。这是一道综合理解题。通读最后一段，并根据主旨句“Each region offers different resources， and therefore attracts different groups of people.”可以知道答案。
2. 图表式任务型阅读题
例1.（2012 扬州市市）（保留原题号）
阅读下列短文，根据短文中的信息完成文后表格。（每空一词）
What do we really mean by being open？ Being open is a kind of invitation to others to come in， to speak and to share. It is important in letting others get to know how we think and feel. In this way we will be understood and accepted by others. If we aren’t open with others， we won’t fully believe in ourselves or others. Here are a few ways for you to be more open. First， make your outside behavior the same with your inside feelings and thoughts. Second， share how you really feel about something instead of just opinions. Third， try to change your questions into statements （陈述句） and talk in the first person so that people will understand you more easily. For example， you might say， “I feel happy that you’re here，” instead of， “Are you glad that you’re here？” Finally， try not to say， “I don’t know.” This usually means I don’t want to think about it any more.
Remember also that it is not suitable to be open with everyone in every situation. You may want to be more open with close friends， but not with people you don’t know well， because you are not sure how someone else will use what they know about you. Besides， some people may not be used to too much openness. If we say everything we feel or think to them， they will feel very uncomfortable at times.
In all， being open is a good way for us to get on well with other people， but we’d better keep the balance between being open and not being too open.
Title： Being open
Meanings of being open 56 others to come in， to speak and to share.
Show others 57 we think and feel.
Let others understand and 58 us.
Believe in ourselves and others by being open.
59 to be more open Make 60 your outside behavior is the same with your inside feelings and thoughts.
Try to share your 61 feelings.
Make statements instead of 62 and use the first person.
Try not to say， “I don’t know.”
Reasons for not being too open Someone may use your 63 to hurt you.
You will make them feel very uncomfortable 64 .
Conclusion： It will 65 us get on well with others if we keep the balance between being open and not being too open.
答案及命题分析：
本语篇阐述了作者对“开放”的认识理解。短文从“Meanings of being open”、“ Ways to be more open”、“Reasons for not being too open”等方面给予了阐述。分析命题设计（表格设计）可以看出，除了表格第一行的“Title”和最后一行的“Conclusion”外，其他三行分别对应短文的一、二、三段，而且，表格右列中标记点部分的内容都与短文各段落内容完全匹配。
56、57、58空，对应短文第一段内容，答案分别为Invite、how / what、accept。
59、60、61、62空，对应短文第二段内容，答案分别为Ways、sure、real / true、questions。
63、64空，对应短文第三段内容，答案分别为information、sometimes。
65空对应短文的最后一小节“Conclusion”，答案为make / keep。
图表式任务型阅读题不同于阅读后客观选择题，这种阅读题型融合了词汇、语篇、结构等多个层次的要求，可以理解为是对阅读信息的二次加工过程，这样的题型更为注重考查学生英语知识综合运用的能力。
三、命题趋势
1. 命题形式趋于多元
客观选择型阅读理解仍然会是中考阅读题的主要形式，同时，阅读与表达相结合的形式会为更多的英语中考接受。除图表式任务型阅读外，任务型阅读还会有更为丰富多彩的形式，如：阅读后回答问题，根据短文内容完成单句，寻找最能表达短文主题的句子，将短文中的某个句子翻译为中文等。
2. 考查内容指向明晰
考查内容会主要集中在：理解并获取文章中的具体信息、根据语境猜测推断生词的意思、进行简单的判断推理、理解文章的基本结构、理解文章的主旨大意、理解作者的态度意图、把握文本篇章结构、对文本信息做简单加工等方面。
3. 选材贴近现实生活
在体裁多样的前提下，选材除了有趣、有内涵并富有教育意义外，会更为关注具有鲜明时代特征，地域文化并且实用性强（如产品说明书、广告图表等）的语言材料。这样的选材目的是为了强化语言的使用作用，引导学生关心生活，关心社会，同时，让学生在阅读过程中充分体验到学习英语的现实作用。
4. 总体遵循《课标》要求
2011版义务教育《英语课程标准》的五级目标对初中毕业应达到的五级技能提出了明确的要求。2013年中考英语阅读理解的命题会依据《课标》要求，坚持以考查学生的综合语言运用能力为目标，通过设置模拟真实的任务，考查学生利用语篇提供的信息解决相关问题的能力。