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一、问题的提出以往水塔标准设计中,没根据塔外空气计算温度、每昼夜换水次数和来水温度等因素,明确加强水塔保温构造和取消塔内火炉的问题,从而导致在塔外空气温度高的地区生火炉,温度较低地区反而没生火炉的矛盾现象(参见一院“西北地区铁路水塔防寒调查的初步总结”)。设置火炉,不仅每年要耗费大量煤炭,而且还需专人管理,增加不少运营管理费用,结果势必提高水的成本。为解决这一问题,部内很多单位都在从事这方面的调查研究工作。《铁路标准设计通讯》相继在1962年7、8期、196&年7,10期刊载有关文章,介绍了热工计算方法,选用系数以及保温构造等问题。按目前常用的稳定状态传热方程,应用1964年7、10期推荐的房屋建筑方面的热工系数,理论计算结果与实际观测资料相比较,差误率很大,有的甚至达100％以上。差误的产生是多方面的,其中固然选用稳定状态传热方程计算,所得的损失热量比实际大一些,而引用房
First, the problem raised In the past the standard design of the tower, not according to the tower outside the air temperature calculation, change the number of days and nights and water temperature and other factors, to clearly strengthen the tower insulation structure and cancel the tower furnace problems, resulting in the tower outside the air In the area with high temperature, there is a contradiction between the furnace in the area where the temperature is lower and the furnace without temperature in the area where the temperature is lower (see the preliminary summary of the investigation on the cold-proof survey of the railway water tower in the northwest of China). Setting stoves not only consumes a large amount of coal each year, but also involves man-oriented management and increases the costs of operation and management. As a result, it is bound to raise the cost of water. To solve this problem, many units within the Ministry are engaged in research work in this area. The Railway Standard Design Newsletter published related articles in the 7th, 8th, and 19th, 1962, 7th, and 10th issues of 1962 successively, and introduced the thermal calculation method, selection coefficient and insulation structure. According to the commonly used steady-state heat transfer equation, the thermal coefficient of building construction recommended in July, 19, 1964 is applied. Compared with the actual observation data, the error rate is large, some even reaching over 100%. The error is generated in many ways, of course, of course, the choice of steady-state heat transfer equation, the resulting loss of heat larger than the actual number, while the reference room