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Objective:Nutraceutical products are widely used for their claimed therapeutic benefits.However,falsified or adulterated nutraceuticals present a major health threat to consumers.This study investigates the pharmaceutical quality,safety and anti-inflammatory effects of six male enhancement nutraceuticals that claim to be 100％ natural.Methods:Three batches of six male enhancement products were tested to detect the presence and levels of adulterants via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The pharmaceutical quality of the selected nutraceuticals was tested with near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and SeDeM.The cytotoxic effects of these products on HepG2 cells were determined through cell proliferation (XTT) and lactate dehydro-genase (LDH) cytotoxicity assays.Lastly,the in vitro inflammatory effects of these products were investi-gated using murine J774 macrophages through cytokine release analysis.Results:HPLC analysis detected the presence of sildenafil citrate,a vasodilator,and the active ingredient in Viagra and Revatio,in all batches of the products we analyzed.Amount of sildenafil citrate ranged from 0.45 mg to 51.85 mg among different batches.NIR assessment showed inter-and intra-batch heterogeneity in product composition.Results of the XTT and LDH assays showed significant cytotoxic effects of the ana-lyzed products.XTF analysis revealed that the viability of HepG2 treated with tested products varied from 27.57％ to 41.43％.Interestingly,the male enhancement products also showed anti-inflammatory effects.Conclusion:Despite their labeling as 100％ natural,all products tested in this study contained levels ofsilde-nafil citrate,which was not reported on the packaging.There was a lack of pharmaceutical uniformity among products of the same batch and across different batches.Additionally,the products we tested had cytotoxic effects.These study findings highlight the adulteration,poor quality and hazard of these nutraceuticals.Therefore,strict regulation of these products and standardization of the definition of nutraceuticals are urgently needed.Further,these falsely advertised products should be withdrawn from the market due to potential adverse effects on the health of their consumers.