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Sustainable development must be pursued in order to address current global challenges such as increasing poverty， social inequity， environmental degradation and climate change. In our rapidly urbanizing world， now with more than half the population living in cities， the question of sustainable urban development comes to the fore. We must ask how we can improve the quality of life of urban citizens while ensuring that urban areas are economically productive， socially inclusive and environmentally sound for both present and future generations.
The UN-Habitat report State of the World Cities 2012/2013 emphasized that cities are not merely places where people reside and processes for the production of goods and services occur. In their own internal dynamics， cities are key drivers for growth and development. However， these regenerative attributes of cities are not spontaneously derived. They need to be harnessed and steered or else they are likely to produce severe dysfunctions and negative externalities.
The history of urban development is replete with experiences of inappropriate policies that have resulted in the predominance of slum and squatter settlements， deficiency in infrastructure， inadequate services and poor means of earning livelihoods. Conventional models of urban development have largely failed to provide economic opportunities for all. Among social groups which have not fared well in many cities are youth， women and people with disabilities. Invariably， there have been systemic barriers and impediments which have denied these social groups the opportunity to utilize their full potential and in many instances even made them vulnerable within the wider society.
This paper explores the role of cities in creating improved economic opportunities for all， particularly for youth and women within a gender framework. It derives its basis from the Habitat Agenda and subsequent resolutions and initiatives. The main premise of the paper is that effective policies form the basis for creating equitable economic opportunities for all urban residents. The key to achieving this is through appropriate policies governing urban planning， investments in housing， infrastructure and services， local economic development and financing for urban development. This informs the topics for the four dialogue sessions to be held during the Governing Council meeting.
众所周知，我们必须寻求可持续发展，以应对当前日益加剧的贫穷、社会不公、环境恶化和气候变化等全球性挑战。当今世界，城市化进程加快，全球一半以上人口住在城市中，因此可持续城市发展就成了当务之急。我们必须寻找答案，如何一方面确保城市经济的高生产力，社会的多样性和着眼于我们自己和子孙后代的环境的友好性，一方面提高城市居民的生活质量。 联合国人居署报告在《2012/2013世界城市状况》中强调，城市不仅仅是市民居住和商品服务生产的场所。在城市内部的动态体系中，它们亦是发展和成长的重要动力。然而，城市的这些可再生特点却不是自发产生的。必须对其加以利用和引导，否则很容易导致严重的机能障碍和负面的外部效应。回顾城市发展史，不乏前车之鉴——由于不当政策所导致的贫民窟激增，基础设施匮乏，服务欠缺，居民缺乏谋生手段等。传统的城市发展模型大多无法实现为所有人提供经济机会。在所有的城市群体中，青年、女性和残疾群体处于弱势。他们总是会遇到系统性障碍和困难，缺乏激发他们全部潜能的机遇，而且往往使他们变得更加脆弱。
这篇论文探讨了城市在为所有人尤其是为青年和女性提供改善经济条件的机会方面所扮演的角色。其根据来源于人居议程及后续的决议和倡议。本文以城市能为居民创造公平的经济机会为假设，认为采取适宜的政策来管理城市规划，住房、基础设施和服务，地方经济发展和城市发展融资是关键所在。
Urbanization as a positive force for national economic and social development
城市化对国家经济和社会发展的积极影响
Urbanization brings about economic， social and political benefits for urban as well as rural residents. Urban areas create environments that stimulate interaction， innovation， investment and economic activity. They attract investment and create wealth. They enhance social development and harness human and technical resources resulting in unprecedented gains in productivity and competitiveness.
In fact， cities significantly contribute to the gross domestic product （GDP） of nations. Today， over 70 per cent of global GDP is generated in cities. Cities in high-income and middle-income countries account for 85 per cent and 73 per cent of GDP， respectively.
In developing countries also， cities have increased their economic importance. Many cities in developing countries generate a disproportionately large share of national income. For example， the urban share of GDP in India has grown from 37 per cent in 1960 to 63 per cent in 2009. Mexico City with 24 per cent of the total population of Mexico generates 27 per cent of its GDP. Shanghai with just 1.9 per cent of the population of China generates over 13 per cent of GDP and Johannesburg with 6 per cent of the population of South Africa accounts for 15 per cent of GDP. The larger contribution of cities to the GDP of their respective countries is a clear indication of the economic importance of urban areas.
As cities prosper so do the rural hinterlands. Cities can enhance the access of rural people to markets， education， health care， information and technology and other services. Cities also act as centres of trading for rural products and are the gateways to the global markets. With improved rural- urban linkages， workers who are employed in urban areas who still maintain rural homesteads can also make significant contributions to building prosperous cities.
Urban economies develop by capitalizing on agglomeration benefits. Proximity allows more efficient use of resources and services and exchange of knowledge and ideas. It also increases productivity， encourages innovation and spurs development. However， cities do not spontaneously produce positive economic and social outcomes through urbanization. Proper planning and governance are needed to help cities harness this potential and avoid negative externalities of growth such as congestion， pollution， violence and crime.
Cities are also places where youth， women and the poor demonstrate their ability to lead their own development. Regenerating cities is largely about looking at what is working on the ground and facilitating the exchange and scaling up of those practices. To this end， organized networks of grass- roots women and youth are important stake holders to partner with.
The dynamism associated with the modern city is invariably manifested by the increasing stock of assets and facilities， as well as by the functional processes that take place within the sphere of production and consumption. The challenge in many urban settings is how such stocks and flows of physical and intangible assets translate into increased income and improved well-being for the people who live in those settings. Cities may be rich yet many of their residents can be deprived of the benefits of that affluence.
It is reckoned that jobs， livelihoods and opportunities constitute a critical set of elements that translate urban economic growth into increased income and improved well-being. This entails increasing the absorption capacity of the labour market， as well as enhancing capabilities， assets （including both material and social resources） and activities which provide opportunities for earning a living.
A rigorous gender perspective is critical in addressing the issue of improving women’s access to economic opportunities. Yet more effective than striving for quantitative improvements in urban goods and services are the removal of structural and systemic impediments and the enhancement of measures that empower women. This entails overcoming prevailing challenges with respect to access to decent jobs， education and skills and the challenge of unpaid labour； impediments to acquiring land and building decent shelter； shortfalls in access to essential services and infrastructure； acquiring physical and financial assets； assurance of social protection， safety and security； and effective participation in urban governance. The gender dimension of urban economic opportunities is not only about access and empowerment for overcoming vulnerabilities and enhancing dynamism， but also about ensuring social protection for all. 城市化会给城市和农村的居民带来经济，社会和政治利益。城市所形成的环境能够刺激互动，创新，投资和经济活动。城市能够吸引投资，创造财富。城市能促进社会发展，管理人力和技术资源，为生产力和竞争力带来前所未有的效果。
城市为GDP做出了巨大贡献。目前，超过70%的全球GDP来自城市。在高收入国家和中等收入国家，城市分别占GDP总量的85%和73%。在发展中国家，城市在经济方面也发挥着越来越大的作用。发展中国家的许多城市产生了巨大收入，这与国家收入不成比例。例如，印度的城市GDP从1960年的37%增长到2009年的63%。墨西哥城人口只占墨西哥的24%，却创造了27%的GDP。上海只占中国人口1.9%，但创造了13%的GDP。约翰内斯堡人口只占南非总人口6%，却创造了15%的GDP。城市为各国GDP做出的越来越大的贡献清楚的表明城市在经济方面的重要性。
城市繁荣也带来了农村的发展。城市能够使农村人更容易享受到市场，教育，医疗，信息技术和其他服务。城市还扮演着农村产品交易中心的角色，是其通往世界市场的通道。随着城市和农村关系越来越紧密，在城市地区工作且仍在农村居住的人也能为建设繁荣城市做出巨大贡献。
城市经济利用凝聚效益发展。临近性能够更有效的利用资源和服务以及知识和思想的交换。还能够扩大生产力，鼓励创新，刺激发展。然而，城市不能通过城市化自发地创造正面的的经济效益和社会产出。需要恰当的规划和管理，帮助城市管理这种潜力，避免发展的负面外部性，如拥挤，污染，暴力和犯罪。
此外，城市还是青年、女性和穷人们展示自己能力，主导自身发展的地方。城市改革主要是观察哪些方面行之有效，促进交流并成比例地加以放大。为了这个目的，有组织的草根妇女和青年群体将是重要的利益共享合伙人。
现代城市的活力总是由越来越多的资产和设施体现，在生产和消费过程也能体现城市活力。许多城市设施的挑战在于有多少有形和无形资产存量和流量转化成为城市居民能享受到的增加的收入和改进的福利。城市也许很富裕，但是许多城市居民可能被剥夺了享受这种富裕的福利。
据估计，工作，生计和机遇是使城市经济增长转化为收入增加和福利改善的关键因素。这就要求劳动力市场增加吸收能力，为人们提供生计的机会，资产（包括物质和精神资源）和活动。
严格的性别视角是增加女性经济机遇的关键因素。必须有效改善城市商品和服务，而不是仅仅追求数量上的改善，这将祛除结构和系统障碍，增加女性赋权的途径。这就要求克服体面工作，良好教育，高超技能，获取土地，建造体面房子，享受基本服务和设施，获得物质和经济资产、社会保护和安全的保障以及有效参与城市管理等方面的挑战和障碍。城市经济机遇的性别维度不仅关乎克服相关缺陷和加强活力，而且还关乎保障所有人的社会保护。
The urban unemployment challenge，
with special reference to youth and women
城市带来的失业挑战（尤其对于青年和妇女）
The current global economic crisis has also aggravated the incidence of vulnerable employment and working poverty. According to the report of the Secretary-General on promoting an agreed action agenda to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 （A/64/665）， about 633 million workers in 2008 were making less than $1.25 a day （the working poor）. The financial crisis of 2008 pushed 215 million more workers into poverty and pushed the global unemployment rate to 6.6 per cent.
Globally， young people are three times more likely to be unemployed than adults. Today， over 75 million youth are looking for work and the current global youth unemployment rate is 12.7 per cent. Disaggregated data shows that over 50 per cent of working women in the world are engaged in vulnerable employment. Female working poor rates exceed that of male rates in 22 countries.
Also， there is a clear concentration of women in sectors that are generally characterized by low pay， long working hours and informal working arrangements. It is also important to note that youth unemployment among women is higher than men. For example， in South Africa， 54.6 per cent of young women are unemployed， compared to 47.2 per cent of young men. In Greece， 40.6 per cent of young women are unemployed compared to 26.7 per cent of young men. As a result of high unemployment， urban young men and women are forced to eke out a living in the low-productivity informal sector. Even in Europe， 17 per cent of young workers depend on the informal economy. The informal economy is a source of employment for a vast majority of the urban poor in developing countries， particularly women， and it accounts for a large share of their national economies.
It is also important to note that in many cities in developing countries， the informal economy is growing much faster than the formal economy， resulting in gender divisions of labour and poor working conditions.
Although the informal sector is widely recognized as a permanent and significant part of national economies， only a few countries such as Colombia， Mexico， South Africa and Thailand have succeeded in formulating appropriate regulations to enhance the productivity of the sector.
Furthermore， the significant contribution women make through unpaid work in cities and communities needs to be recognized. Often these women and their contributions go unnoticed.
Zoning for urban growth and land use， lack of proper definitions and measurements for appreciating and valorizing women’s work and violence against women all adversely affect their well-being in cities.
当前全球经济危机使脆弱的就业形势和贫困现状进一步恶化。根据联合国秘书长关于“推动在2015年取得千年发展目标的协同行动议程（A/64/665）”的报告显示，约6.33亿工人在2008年日收入低于2.12美元。2008年金融危机使得2.12亿工人陷入贫困，全球失业率达6.6%。日益增长的青年失业率是近来全球社会和政治动荡的主因。全球青年的失业率比成人高三倍。目前，超过7500万青年正在求职，当前的全球青年失业率为12.7%。世界上超过50%的工作妇女就业形势不容乐观，有22个国家的女性贫困率超过男性。同样，有些妇女集中的行业存在报酬低，工时长，非正规的情况。同样值得注意的是，女性中的青年失业人数高于男性。比如在南非，54.6%的青年妇女失业，而青年男子的失业率仅为47.2%。在希腊，40.6%的青年妇女失业，而青年男子的失业率仅为26.7%。
高失业率的后果是，城市青年男女被迫在低生产率的非正规行业里勉强维持生计。即使是在欧洲，17%的青年工人依靠非正规的经济来源生活。非正规的经济是指在发展中国家中，大量的城市穷人，尤其是妇女被雇佣来从事经济活动。他们创造的效益在国民经济中占有重大份额。虽然非正规的行业被广泛地认为是国民经济的长久和重要的组成部分，只有少部分国家，如哥伦比亚、墨西哥、南非和泰国成功制订了适当的规章以提高这种行业的生存力。
同样值得重视的是，在许多发展中国家的城市中，非正规经济的增长远高于正规经济，导致劳动性别分化和工作妇女的贫穷处境。需要意识到的是，紧紧伴随全球经济快速变化的大环境下的是妇女在城市和社区中通过不计酬工作所作出的重大贡献。这些妇女和她们所作出的贡献经常被忽视。城市发展和土地使用区划都缺乏对妇女工作的肯定和定价的标准及措施，以及对妇女的暴力行为都深深影响城市妇女的福祉。为所有人创造工作和生计机遇是消除贫困，提高生活水平的关键，这些人包括无家可归者，居住在贫民窟和违章建筑区的人们，少数民族，移民，旅居群体，女性和青年残疾人，老年和女性家庭主导者。
How cities can create jobs and economic opportunities for all
城市如何为所有人创造工作及谋生机会
It must be stated at the outset that sustained economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition for creating jobs and livelihood opportunities. As the private sector accounts for over 90 per cent of all jobs in developing countries， Governments should put in place policies to support strong private sector-led growth. These efforts should be complemented with policies and programmes targeted at the poor， youth and women. Cities also need to implement policies and programmes to support the development of their workforce and provide incentives for the private sector to start and expand businesses and train and hire workers. There is also a need to strengthen economic empowerment strategies for women through improved urban planning and governance and basic services which are key prerequisites for achieving equitable urban prosperity. Persistent inequality of opportunity denies youth， women and vulnerable groups their right to the city. Unequal access begins in childhood and continues into youth and adulthood. It is important to recognize that the pre-employment condition of an individual， that is access or lack of access to primary， secondary and tertiary education， largely determines his or her chances of finding jobs and other income-generating opportunities. Education is the greatest leveller of the playing field.
Macroeconomic stability and investments in human capital are also crucial. The pre-employment condition of an individual that is access to primary， secondary and tertiary education， as it determines his or her chances of finding jobs and other income-generating opportunities. Education is the greatest leveller of the playing field. Cities must be concerned with the education and skills of their workforce， a crucial factor for creating decent jobs.
Experience in both industrialized and developing countries during the current global economic crisis demonstrates that those cities which have adequately invested in primary and secondary education， despite fiscal constraints， have had faster recoveries. Improving skills means connecting education to technical and vocational training， including information and communications technology （ICT）.
One of the most important economic and social contributions of women to the overall functioning of cities is through unpaid， care-focused domestic activities that are largely overlooked by policymakers. This work needs to be recognized and given economic value by urban policy makers through mechanisms such as time-use surveys and gender audits， pension schemes and social cash transfers. Direct attention to the burdens of child care along with other types of unpaid care work typically performed by women can include community- based care options， work-based nurseries and care homes， and dedicated private and/or public facilities.
Mechanisms for supporting small businesses and the self-employed are necessary. These include better provision for training with a view to enhancing the diversification of competitive informal activities， easier access to credit on favourable terms， assistance in promoting greater health and safety at work and the reduction and/or phasing out of the costs of business formalization.
Through collaborative efforts involving local governments and private and non-State actors， cities need to identify and capitalize upon their distinctive features to generate productive employment opportunities and growing incomes for their residents. This means understanding their local economies， their strengths and weaknesses， the opportunities they offer and the threats they face. Besides their location or natural advantages， cities also need to harness agglomeration economies， using mixed land-use policies， incentives and strategic public investments that promote density， connectivity and spatial balance in economic opportunities and urban services. The housing sector is an engine of national and local economic development. The construction of new houses and the improvement of existing houses and investment in green buildings create a large number of employment opportunities， particularly for youth. The housing sector also generates a huge demand for inputs and materials and thereby contributes greatly to both national and local economies.
Infrastructure is another important factor that contributes to long-term economic and social development and job creation， particularly in times of economic crisis. Investments in infrastructure and renewable energy greatly contribute to the creation of jobs and economic opportunities improved infrastructure also means saving valuable time for all. It enhances social inclusion by facilitating the movement of child-care givers， the elderly and persons with disabilities. It also improves urban safety， recreation and leisure facilities for all.
Although the private sector creates most of the jobs in market economies， in times of economic crises Governments should play a more active role in creating jobs， since the capacity of the private sector to create jobs greatly diminishes during such crises. Creation of direct job opportunities through emergency public work programmes and employment guarantee programmes are two ways the State can create jobs in crisis situations. Governments should also lay the foundation for social protection to support the vulnerable and the poor， especially in times of economic hardships.
It must be emphasized here that good urban governance is key to achieving sustainable， equitable， efficient， transparent， accountable and secure cities. Well-governed cities create equitable economic opportunities for all， particularly for youth， women， the disabled， minorities and marginalized groups. The involvement of youth and particularly women in the decision-making process at all levels needs to be promoted， recognizing the fact that women are crucial for achieving positive changes in society. Cities also should take into account the specific needs of women， the elderly， the disabled and disadvantaged groups in the design and implementation of planning， legislation as well as budgetary allocations.
必须首先声明的是，持续的经济增长是创造工作和谋生机会的必要但不充分条件。在发展中国家，私人领域的工作在所有工作中的比例超过90%，政府应在政策上适当支持私人领域所引领的经济增长。这些努力应与扶持穷人、青年和妇女政策和项目结合。各城市需要补充相应的政策和项目以支持其劳动力的发展，刺激私人部门开展和拓广业务、训练雇佣员工。这同时也是为妇女通过升级的城市规划、管理和基础服务的经济刺激战略的需要。这是取得平等的城市繁荣的先决条件。
长久以来的机会不平等剥夺了青年、妇女和弱势群体在城市中的权利。不公平现象在他们的孩童时期便开始，并在其青年和成人时期持续。个人就业的前提是接受小学、中学和高等教育，这很大程度上决定个人的求职和其它谋生机会。教育是最伟大的平等主义者的阵地，它对人力资本的宏观经济稳定和投资是十分关键的。城市必须关注其劳动力的教育及技能，这是创造适当工作的关键因素。当前全球经济危机中的工业化国家和发展中国家的经验表明，尽管存在财政限制，给予中小学教育充分投资的城市在危机中恢复的更快。提高技能意味着关联教育与技术和职业训练，包括信息和沟通技术（ICT）。 妇女对总体城市功能最重要的经济和社会贡献之一是无偿的以关怀为主的家庭活动，这被政策制定者严重忽视。政策制定者必须对这种家庭活动予以认可，通过耗时调研、性别审计、养老金计划和社会现金转移等机制肯定其相应的经济价值。值得注意的是，除了养育子女的负担，其它形式的由妇女承担的关怀工作包括社区关怀、托儿工作、家庭关怀和对私人或公共设施的维护。支持小本经营和个体经营行业的机制是必要的。这包括：着眼于提高非正式经济活动所开展的多样化的培训，寻找制订更好的规章、兑现优惠政策的更简易渠道、提高工作中健康和安全指数的支持，以及减少/淘汰商业形式化的工作。
城市需要通过包括本地政府、私人及非政府个人的合作，以其区别性特征为基础，创造出更有生产力的就业机会，并提高其居民的收入增长。这意味着必须理解当地经济的优势与弱势、它们所提供的机会以及它们所面临的威胁。除了充分利用它们的地理位置或自然优势，城市同样需要治理聚集型经济，使用土地混合使用政策、运用刺激和战略公共投资推动经济机会和城市服务的空间平衡、多样性和关联性。
房产部门是国家与地区经济发展的引擎，新住房的建造、现有住房的改造以及针对绿色建筑的投资都能为人们，尤其是年轻人创造大量的就业机遇。同时，房产部门还能扩大对投入及材料的需求，因此对国家与地区的经济发展都有着巨大的贡献。基础设施在经济长期发展、社会进步以及创造就业机会上也有重要作用，尤其是在经济不景气时期，基础设施建设以及可再生能源投资能创造大量的就业与经济机遇。基础设施更加健全也意味着公众的时间可以得到节约。通过让儿童监护人、老人及残疾人的出行更为便利，他们的社会融入感也会同时加强，而城市的安全可以得到提升，同时公众的休闲娱乐设施也会更为健全。
尽管私营部门在市场经济中能创造最多的就业机会，但在经济不景气时期，私营部门提供的就业机会急剧减少，因此政府在这段时期应该在改进就业状况上扮演更为积极的角色。政府在经济危机时期可通过紧急公众工作计划、及就业保障计划两种手段直接创造就业机会。政府还应为社会保障奠定基础，以援助弱势及贫困群体，尤其是在经济不景气时期。
我们在此必须强调，良好的城市管理在建设可持续、公平、高效、透明、可靠而安全的城市过程中起着关键作用，且尤其能惠及青年、女性、残疾人、少数民族以及边缘化群体。青年，尤其是女性青年在各级政策制定中的参与需要得到进一步提升，女性在促使社会积极改变的积极作用需要得到公众的认识。城市的发展在规划发展、制定法规和预算分配中还需考虑到女性、老年人、残疾人以及弱势群体的特殊要求。
Conclusion
结论
This paper draws attention to the urgency of addressing the productive potential of cities， particularly in generating economic opportunities for all. It reiterates the fact that robustness of economic development in cities provides a strong foundation for sustainable urban development， especially when prosperity is balanced and equitable. Although the dynamic potential of cities depends on many factors， its occurrence is， however， not spontaneous. It needs to be planned， steered and harnessed.
The paper argues that effective urban policies must begin with jobs and incomes. Without these essential components， urban life is not viable. The challenge is how to translate this priority into policies governing urban planning， the allocation of investment and credit， the functioning of local economies， both formal and informal， land-based financing for urban development and the functional spatial form of cities.
The paper emphasizes that granting particular attention to youth and gender when addressing the issue of economic opportunities calls for serious consideration to the systemic aspects of urban development. Beyond demographics and sex ratios， it requires that attention be paid to a range of factors that impinge on the capacity of these social groups to realize and benefit from their full potential. It also stresses the need to recognize the contributions of women and youth and build on their practices and strategies through partnership and facilitating their scaling up. The paper anticipates that the exchange of experiences which are expected to take place during the dialogue will provide concrete and evidence-based insights into key strategic interventions that can improve economic opportunities for all in urban settings. By reflecting on living experiences， member states and partners are expected to highlight some of the challenges and setbacks encountered and leverages that can be harnessed. The dialogue may assist in further defining the role that UN-Habitat can play at local， regional， national and global levels in backstopping interventions for improving economic opportunities for all. It is also anticipated that the engagement with development partners in the course of the dialogue may reveal potential areas to which support can be provided in the short-， medium- and long-term.
The paper recognizes that both productivity and equity are important. Indeed it is impossible to sustain one without the other and both objectives must be urgently focused on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable segments of the urban population and those of youth and women. Emphasizing domestic or endogenous growth also means recognizing that， while getting the policies right at home is critical， city governments also need to be aware of global and national economic conditions and threats， including climate change and financial volatility.
本文提请注意解决城市生产潜力的紧迫性，特别是在产生经济机会方面。它重申了这一事实：城市经济的快速发展，尤其是建立在平衡、公平基础上的城市繁荣，会为城市的可持续发展提供坚实的基础。尽管城市的动态潜力由很多因素决定，但其出现并非自发。它需要进行规划、指导、和驾驭。
本文认为有效的城市政策需要从工作和收入入手。如果没有这些重要的组成部分，城市生活是不可行的。如今面对的挑战是如何将该首要任务贯彻到城市规划的管理政策、投资和信用的分配、地方经济的运作、以及正式和非正式的用于城市发展和城市空间形态的土地资源融资中去。
本文强调在解决经济机会问题、城市发展的系统性要求的过程中，青年和性别问题应得到特殊关注。除了人口数据和性别比例，我们还应重视影响这些社会群体充分发挥其潜力的一系列因素。本文还强调我们需要认清妇女和青年的贡献，通过伙伴关系和按比例扩大、帮助有关措施和策略的进一步提升。
本文预期通过对话，交流经验会提供具体的、切实的战略干预，以改善城市中每个人的经济机会。通过对生活经验的反应，成员国和合作伙伴有望突出一些挑战和挫折，以及一些可以利用的优势。对话也许会进一步定义联合国人居署在地方、区域、国家、乃至全球范围内采取支援措施来干预改善经济机会的行动中所发挥的作用。在对话中，与发展伙伴的对接可能会揭示新的需要提供短期、中期、或长期帮助的潜在领域。
本文认识到生产力和权益同样重要。二者相辅相成，缺一不可。这两个目标应将重点放在城市人口中最贫困和最弱势群体的需求上，以及青年和妇女的需求上。强调国内和内部增长也意味着对其认可，尽管在国内采取正确的政策至关重要，城市政府仍需注意国际范围内的经济情况和威胁，包括气候变化和财政波动。
The UN-Habitat report State of the World Cities 2012/2013 emphasized that cities are not merely places where people reside and processes for the production of goods and services occur. In their own internal dynamics， cities are key drivers for growth and development. However， these regenerative attributes of cities are not spontaneously derived. They need to be harnessed and steered or else they are likely to produce severe dysfunctions and negative externalities.
The history of urban development is replete with experiences of inappropriate policies that have resulted in the predominance of slum and squatter settlements， deficiency in infrastructure， inadequate services and poor means of earning livelihoods. Conventional models of urban development have largely failed to provide economic opportunities for all. Among social groups which have not fared well in many cities are youth， women and people with disabilities. Invariably， there have been systemic barriers and impediments which have denied these social groups the opportunity to utilize their full potential and in many instances even made them vulnerable within the wider society.
This paper explores the role of cities in creating improved economic opportunities for all， particularly for youth and women within a gender framework. It derives its basis from the Habitat Agenda and subsequent resolutions and initiatives. The main premise of the paper is that effective policies form the basis for creating equitable economic opportunities for all urban residents. The key to achieving this is through appropriate policies governing urban planning， investments in housing， infrastructure and services， local economic development and financing for urban development. This informs the topics for the four dialogue sessions to be held during the Governing Council meeting.
众所周知，我们必须寻求可持续发展，以应对当前日益加剧的贫穷、社会不公、环境恶化和气候变化等全球性挑战。当今世界，城市化进程加快，全球一半以上人口住在城市中，因此可持续城市发展就成了当务之急。我们必须寻找答案，如何一方面确保城市经济的高生产力，社会的多样性和着眼于我们自己和子孙后代的环境的友好性，一方面提高城市居民的生活质量。 联合国人居署报告在《2012/2013世界城市状况》中强调，城市不仅仅是市民居住和商品服务生产的场所。在城市内部的动态体系中，它们亦是发展和成长的重要动力。然而，城市的这些可再生特点却不是自发产生的。必须对其加以利用和引导，否则很容易导致严重的机能障碍和负面的外部效应。回顾城市发展史，不乏前车之鉴——由于不当政策所导致的贫民窟激增，基础设施匮乏，服务欠缺，居民缺乏谋生手段等。传统的城市发展模型大多无法实现为所有人提供经济机会。在所有的城市群体中，青年、女性和残疾群体处于弱势。他们总是会遇到系统性障碍和困难，缺乏激发他们全部潜能的机遇，而且往往使他们变得更加脆弱。
这篇论文探讨了城市在为所有人尤其是为青年和女性提供改善经济条件的机会方面所扮演的角色。其根据来源于人居议程及后续的决议和倡议。本文以城市能为居民创造公平的经济机会为假设，认为采取适宜的政策来管理城市规划，住房、基础设施和服务，地方经济发展和城市发展融资是关键所在。
Urbanization as a positive force for national economic and social development
城市化对国家经济和社会发展的积极影响
Urbanization brings about economic， social and political benefits for urban as well as rural residents. Urban areas create environments that stimulate interaction， innovation， investment and economic activity. They attract investment and create wealth. They enhance social development and harness human and technical resources resulting in unprecedented gains in productivity and competitiveness.
In fact， cities significantly contribute to the gross domestic product （GDP） of nations. Today， over 70 per cent of global GDP is generated in cities. Cities in high-income and middle-income countries account for 85 per cent and 73 per cent of GDP， respectively.
In developing countries also， cities have increased their economic importance. Many cities in developing countries generate a disproportionately large share of national income. For example， the urban share of GDP in India has grown from 37 per cent in 1960 to 63 per cent in 2009. Mexico City with 24 per cent of the total population of Mexico generates 27 per cent of its GDP. Shanghai with just 1.9 per cent of the population of China generates over 13 per cent of GDP and Johannesburg with 6 per cent of the population of South Africa accounts for 15 per cent of GDP. The larger contribution of cities to the GDP of their respective countries is a clear indication of the economic importance of urban areas.
As cities prosper so do the rural hinterlands. Cities can enhance the access of rural people to markets， education， health care， information and technology and other services. Cities also act as centres of trading for rural products and are the gateways to the global markets. With improved rural- urban linkages， workers who are employed in urban areas who still maintain rural homesteads can also make significant contributions to building prosperous cities.
Urban economies develop by capitalizing on agglomeration benefits. Proximity allows more efficient use of resources and services and exchange of knowledge and ideas. It also increases productivity， encourages innovation and spurs development. However， cities do not spontaneously produce positive economic and social outcomes through urbanization. Proper planning and governance are needed to help cities harness this potential and avoid negative externalities of growth such as congestion， pollution， violence and crime.
Cities are also places where youth， women and the poor demonstrate their ability to lead their own development. Regenerating cities is largely about looking at what is working on the ground and facilitating the exchange and scaling up of those practices. To this end， organized networks of grass- roots women and youth are important stake holders to partner with.
The dynamism associated with the modern city is invariably manifested by the increasing stock of assets and facilities， as well as by the functional processes that take place within the sphere of production and consumption. The challenge in many urban settings is how such stocks and flows of physical and intangible assets translate into increased income and improved well-being for the people who live in those settings. Cities may be rich yet many of their residents can be deprived of the benefits of that affluence.
It is reckoned that jobs， livelihoods and opportunities constitute a critical set of elements that translate urban economic growth into increased income and improved well-being. This entails increasing the absorption capacity of the labour market， as well as enhancing capabilities， assets （including both material and social resources） and activities which provide opportunities for earning a living.
A rigorous gender perspective is critical in addressing the issue of improving women’s access to economic opportunities. Yet more effective than striving for quantitative improvements in urban goods and services are the removal of structural and systemic impediments and the enhancement of measures that empower women. This entails overcoming prevailing challenges with respect to access to decent jobs， education and skills and the challenge of unpaid labour； impediments to acquiring land and building decent shelter； shortfalls in access to essential services and infrastructure； acquiring physical and financial assets； assurance of social protection， safety and security； and effective participation in urban governance. The gender dimension of urban economic opportunities is not only about access and empowerment for overcoming vulnerabilities and enhancing dynamism， but also about ensuring social protection for all. 城市化会给城市和农村的居民带来经济，社会和政治利益。城市所形成的环境能够刺激互动，创新，投资和经济活动。城市能够吸引投资，创造财富。城市能促进社会发展，管理人力和技术资源，为生产力和竞争力带来前所未有的效果。
城市为GDP做出了巨大贡献。目前，超过70%的全球GDP来自城市。在高收入国家和中等收入国家，城市分别占GDP总量的85%和73%。在发展中国家，城市在经济方面也发挥着越来越大的作用。发展中国家的许多城市产生了巨大收入，这与国家收入不成比例。例如，印度的城市GDP从1960年的37%增长到2009年的63%。墨西哥城人口只占墨西哥的24%，却创造了27%的GDP。上海只占中国人口1.9%，但创造了13%的GDP。约翰内斯堡人口只占南非总人口6%，却创造了15%的GDP。城市为各国GDP做出的越来越大的贡献清楚的表明城市在经济方面的重要性。
城市繁荣也带来了农村的发展。城市能够使农村人更容易享受到市场，教育，医疗，信息技术和其他服务。城市还扮演着农村产品交易中心的角色，是其通往世界市场的通道。随着城市和农村关系越来越紧密，在城市地区工作且仍在农村居住的人也能为建设繁荣城市做出巨大贡献。
城市经济利用凝聚效益发展。临近性能够更有效的利用资源和服务以及知识和思想的交换。还能够扩大生产力，鼓励创新，刺激发展。然而，城市不能通过城市化自发地创造正面的的经济效益和社会产出。需要恰当的规划和管理，帮助城市管理这种潜力，避免发展的负面外部性，如拥挤，污染，暴力和犯罪。
此外，城市还是青年、女性和穷人们展示自己能力，主导自身发展的地方。城市改革主要是观察哪些方面行之有效，促进交流并成比例地加以放大。为了这个目的，有组织的草根妇女和青年群体将是重要的利益共享合伙人。
现代城市的活力总是由越来越多的资产和设施体现，在生产和消费过程也能体现城市活力。许多城市设施的挑战在于有多少有形和无形资产存量和流量转化成为城市居民能享受到的增加的收入和改进的福利。城市也许很富裕，但是许多城市居民可能被剥夺了享受这种富裕的福利。
据估计，工作，生计和机遇是使城市经济增长转化为收入增加和福利改善的关键因素。这就要求劳动力市场增加吸收能力，为人们提供生计的机会，资产（包括物质和精神资源）和活动。
严格的性别视角是增加女性经济机遇的关键因素。必须有效改善城市商品和服务，而不是仅仅追求数量上的改善，这将祛除结构和系统障碍，增加女性赋权的途径。这就要求克服体面工作，良好教育，高超技能，获取土地，建造体面房子，享受基本服务和设施，获得物质和经济资产、社会保护和安全的保障以及有效参与城市管理等方面的挑战和障碍。城市经济机遇的性别维度不仅关乎克服相关缺陷和加强活力，而且还关乎保障所有人的社会保护。
The urban unemployment challenge，
with special reference to youth and women
城市带来的失业挑战（尤其对于青年和妇女）
The current global economic crisis has also aggravated the incidence of vulnerable employment and working poverty. According to the report of the Secretary-General on promoting an agreed action agenda to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 （A/64/665）， about 633 million workers in 2008 were making less than $1.25 a day （the working poor）. The financial crisis of 2008 pushed 215 million more workers into poverty and pushed the global unemployment rate to 6.6 per cent.
Globally， young people are three times more likely to be unemployed than adults. Today， over 75 million youth are looking for work and the current global youth unemployment rate is 12.7 per cent. Disaggregated data shows that over 50 per cent of working women in the world are engaged in vulnerable employment. Female working poor rates exceed that of male rates in 22 countries.
Also， there is a clear concentration of women in sectors that are generally characterized by low pay， long working hours and informal working arrangements. It is also important to note that youth unemployment among women is higher than men. For example， in South Africa， 54.6 per cent of young women are unemployed， compared to 47.2 per cent of young men. In Greece， 40.6 per cent of young women are unemployed compared to 26.7 per cent of young men. As a result of high unemployment， urban young men and women are forced to eke out a living in the low-productivity informal sector. Even in Europe， 17 per cent of young workers depend on the informal economy. The informal economy is a source of employment for a vast majority of the urban poor in developing countries， particularly women， and it accounts for a large share of their national economies.
It is also important to note that in many cities in developing countries， the informal economy is growing much faster than the formal economy， resulting in gender divisions of labour and poor working conditions.
Although the informal sector is widely recognized as a permanent and significant part of national economies， only a few countries such as Colombia， Mexico， South Africa and Thailand have succeeded in formulating appropriate regulations to enhance the productivity of the sector.
Furthermore， the significant contribution women make through unpaid work in cities and communities needs to be recognized. Often these women and their contributions go unnoticed.
Zoning for urban growth and land use， lack of proper definitions and measurements for appreciating and valorizing women’s work and violence against women all adversely affect their well-being in cities.
当前全球经济危机使脆弱的就业形势和贫困现状进一步恶化。根据联合国秘书长关于“推动在2015年取得千年发展目标的协同行动议程（A/64/665）”的报告显示，约6.33亿工人在2008年日收入低于2.12美元。2008年金融危机使得2.12亿工人陷入贫困，全球失业率达6.6%。日益增长的青年失业率是近来全球社会和政治动荡的主因。全球青年的失业率比成人高三倍。目前，超过7500万青年正在求职，当前的全球青年失业率为12.7%。世界上超过50%的工作妇女就业形势不容乐观，有22个国家的女性贫困率超过男性。同样，有些妇女集中的行业存在报酬低，工时长，非正规的情况。同样值得注意的是，女性中的青年失业人数高于男性。比如在南非，54.6%的青年妇女失业，而青年男子的失业率仅为47.2%。在希腊，40.6%的青年妇女失业，而青年男子的失业率仅为26.7%。
高失业率的后果是，城市青年男女被迫在低生产率的非正规行业里勉强维持生计。即使是在欧洲，17%的青年工人依靠非正规的经济来源生活。非正规的经济是指在发展中国家中，大量的城市穷人，尤其是妇女被雇佣来从事经济活动。他们创造的效益在国民经济中占有重大份额。虽然非正规的行业被广泛地认为是国民经济的长久和重要的组成部分，只有少部分国家，如哥伦比亚、墨西哥、南非和泰国成功制订了适当的规章以提高这种行业的生存力。
同样值得重视的是，在许多发展中国家的城市中，非正规经济的增长远高于正规经济，导致劳动性别分化和工作妇女的贫穷处境。需要意识到的是，紧紧伴随全球经济快速变化的大环境下的是妇女在城市和社区中通过不计酬工作所作出的重大贡献。这些妇女和她们所作出的贡献经常被忽视。城市发展和土地使用区划都缺乏对妇女工作的肯定和定价的标准及措施，以及对妇女的暴力行为都深深影响城市妇女的福祉。为所有人创造工作和生计机遇是消除贫困，提高生活水平的关键，这些人包括无家可归者，居住在贫民窟和违章建筑区的人们，少数民族，移民，旅居群体，女性和青年残疾人，老年和女性家庭主导者。
How cities can create jobs and economic opportunities for all
城市如何为所有人创造工作及谋生机会
It must be stated at the outset that sustained economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition for creating jobs and livelihood opportunities. As the private sector accounts for over 90 per cent of all jobs in developing countries， Governments should put in place policies to support strong private sector-led growth. These efforts should be complemented with policies and programmes targeted at the poor， youth and women. Cities also need to implement policies and programmes to support the development of their workforce and provide incentives for the private sector to start and expand businesses and train and hire workers. There is also a need to strengthen economic empowerment strategies for women through improved urban planning and governance and basic services which are key prerequisites for achieving equitable urban prosperity. Persistent inequality of opportunity denies youth， women and vulnerable groups their right to the city. Unequal access begins in childhood and continues into youth and adulthood. It is important to recognize that the pre-employment condition of an individual， that is access or lack of access to primary， secondary and tertiary education， largely determines his or her chances of finding jobs and other income-generating opportunities. Education is the greatest leveller of the playing field.
Macroeconomic stability and investments in human capital are also crucial. The pre-employment condition of an individual that is access to primary， secondary and tertiary education， as it determines his or her chances of finding jobs and other income-generating opportunities. Education is the greatest leveller of the playing field. Cities must be concerned with the education and skills of their workforce， a crucial factor for creating decent jobs.
Experience in both industrialized and developing countries during the current global economic crisis demonstrates that those cities which have adequately invested in primary and secondary education， despite fiscal constraints， have had faster recoveries. Improving skills means connecting education to technical and vocational training， including information and communications technology （ICT）.
One of the most important economic and social contributions of women to the overall functioning of cities is through unpaid， care-focused domestic activities that are largely overlooked by policymakers. This work needs to be recognized and given economic value by urban policy makers through mechanisms such as time-use surveys and gender audits， pension schemes and social cash transfers. Direct attention to the burdens of child care along with other types of unpaid care work typically performed by women can include community- based care options， work-based nurseries and care homes， and dedicated private and/or public facilities.
Mechanisms for supporting small businesses and the self-employed are necessary. These include better provision for training with a view to enhancing the diversification of competitive informal activities， easier access to credit on favourable terms， assistance in promoting greater health and safety at work and the reduction and/or phasing out of the costs of business formalization.
Through collaborative efforts involving local governments and private and non-State actors， cities need to identify and capitalize upon their distinctive features to generate productive employment opportunities and growing incomes for their residents. This means understanding their local economies， their strengths and weaknesses， the opportunities they offer and the threats they face. Besides their location or natural advantages， cities also need to harness agglomeration economies， using mixed land-use policies， incentives and strategic public investments that promote density， connectivity and spatial balance in economic opportunities and urban services. The housing sector is an engine of national and local economic development. The construction of new houses and the improvement of existing houses and investment in green buildings create a large number of employment opportunities， particularly for youth. The housing sector also generates a huge demand for inputs and materials and thereby contributes greatly to both national and local economies.
Infrastructure is another important factor that contributes to long-term economic and social development and job creation， particularly in times of economic crisis. Investments in infrastructure and renewable energy greatly contribute to the creation of jobs and economic opportunities improved infrastructure also means saving valuable time for all. It enhances social inclusion by facilitating the movement of child-care givers， the elderly and persons with disabilities. It also improves urban safety， recreation and leisure facilities for all.
Although the private sector creates most of the jobs in market economies， in times of economic crises Governments should play a more active role in creating jobs， since the capacity of the private sector to create jobs greatly diminishes during such crises. Creation of direct job opportunities through emergency public work programmes and employment guarantee programmes are two ways the State can create jobs in crisis situations. Governments should also lay the foundation for social protection to support the vulnerable and the poor， especially in times of economic hardships.
It must be emphasized here that good urban governance is key to achieving sustainable， equitable， efficient， transparent， accountable and secure cities. Well-governed cities create equitable economic opportunities for all， particularly for youth， women， the disabled， minorities and marginalized groups. The involvement of youth and particularly women in the decision-making process at all levels needs to be promoted， recognizing the fact that women are crucial for achieving positive changes in society. Cities also should take into account the specific needs of women， the elderly， the disabled and disadvantaged groups in the design and implementation of planning， legislation as well as budgetary allocations.
必须首先声明的是，持续的经济增长是创造工作和谋生机会的必要但不充分条件。在发展中国家，私人领域的工作在所有工作中的比例超过90%，政府应在政策上适当支持私人领域所引领的经济增长。这些努力应与扶持穷人、青年和妇女政策和项目结合。各城市需要补充相应的政策和项目以支持其劳动力的发展，刺激私人部门开展和拓广业务、训练雇佣员工。这同时也是为妇女通过升级的城市规划、管理和基础服务的经济刺激战略的需要。这是取得平等的城市繁荣的先决条件。
长久以来的机会不平等剥夺了青年、妇女和弱势群体在城市中的权利。不公平现象在他们的孩童时期便开始，并在其青年和成人时期持续。个人就业的前提是接受小学、中学和高等教育，这很大程度上决定个人的求职和其它谋生机会。教育是最伟大的平等主义者的阵地，它对人力资本的宏观经济稳定和投资是十分关键的。城市必须关注其劳动力的教育及技能，这是创造适当工作的关键因素。当前全球经济危机中的工业化国家和发展中国家的经验表明，尽管存在财政限制，给予中小学教育充分投资的城市在危机中恢复的更快。提高技能意味着关联教育与技术和职业训练，包括信息和沟通技术（ICT）。 妇女对总体城市功能最重要的经济和社会贡献之一是无偿的以关怀为主的家庭活动，这被政策制定者严重忽视。政策制定者必须对这种家庭活动予以认可，通过耗时调研、性别审计、养老金计划和社会现金转移等机制肯定其相应的经济价值。值得注意的是，除了养育子女的负担，其它形式的由妇女承担的关怀工作包括社区关怀、托儿工作、家庭关怀和对私人或公共设施的维护。支持小本经营和个体经营行业的机制是必要的。这包括：着眼于提高非正式经济活动所开展的多样化的培训，寻找制订更好的规章、兑现优惠政策的更简易渠道、提高工作中健康和安全指数的支持，以及减少/淘汰商业形式化的工作。
城市需要通过包括本地政府、私人及非政府个人的合作，以其区别性特征为基础，创造出更有生产力的就业机会，并提高其居民的收入增长。这意味着必须理解当地经济的优势与弱势、它们所提供的机会以及它们所面临的威胁。除了充分利用它们的地理位置或自然优势，城市同样需要治理聚集型经济，使用土地混合使用政策、运用刺激和战略公共投资推动经济机会和城市服务的空间平衡、多样性和关联性。
房产部门是国家与地区经济发展的引擎，新住房的建造、现有住房的改造以及针对绿色建筑的投资都能为人们，尤其是年轻人创造大量的就业机遇。同时，房产部门还能扩大对投入及材料的需求，因此对国家与地区的经济发展都有着巨大的贡献。基础设施在经济长期发展、社会进步以及创造就业机会上也有重要作用，尤其是在经济不景气时期，基础设施建设以及可再生能源投资能创造大量的就业与经济机遇。基础设施更加健全也意味着公众的时间可以得到节约。通过让儿童监护人、老人及残疾人的出行更为便利，他们的社会融入感也会同时加强，而城市的安全可以得到提升，同时公众的休闲娱乐设施也会更为健全。
尽管私营部门在市场经济中能创造最多的就业机会，但在经济不景气时期，私营部门提供的就业机会急剧减少，因此政府在这段时期应该在改进就业状况上扮演更为积极的角色。政府在经济危机时期可通过紧急公众工作计划、及就业保障计划两种手段直接创造就业机会。政府还应为社会保障奠定基础，以援助弱势及贫困群体，尤其是在经济不景气时期。
我们在此必须强调，良好的城市管理在建设可持续、公平、高效、透明、可靠而安全的城市过程中起着关键作用，且尤其能惠及青年、女性、残疾人、少数民族以及边缘化群体。青年，尤其是女性青年在各级政策制定中的参与需要得到进一步提升，女性在促使社会积极改变的积极作用需要得到公众的认识。城市的发展在规划发展、制定法规和预算分配中还需考虑到女性、老年人、残疾人以及弱势群体的特殊要求。
Conclusion
结论
This paper draws attention to the urgency of addressing the productive potential of cities， particularly in generating economic opportunities for all. It reiterates the fact that robustness of economic development in cities provides a strong foundation for sustainable urban development， especially when prosperity is balanced and equitable. Although the dynamic potential of cities depends on many factors， its occurrence is， however， not spontaneous. It needs to be planned， steered and harnessed.
The paper argues that effective urban policies must begin with jobs and incomes. Without these essential components， urban life is not viable. The challenge is how to translate this priority into policies governing urban planning， the allocation of investment and credit， the functioning of local economies， both formal and informal， land-based financing for urban development and the functional spatial form of cities.
The paper emphasizes that granting particular attention to youth and gender when addressing the issue of economic opportunities calls for serious consideration to the systemic aspects of urban development. Beyond demographics and sex ratios， it requires that attention be paid to a range of factors that impinge on the capacity of these social groups to realize and benefit from their full potential. It also stresses the need to recognize the contributions of women and youth and build on their practices and strategies through partnership and facilitating their scaling up. The paper anticipates that the exchange of experiences which are expected to take place during the dialogue will provide concrete and evidence-based insights into key strategic interventions that can improve economic opportunities for all in urban settings. By reflecting on living experiences， member states and partners are expected to highlight some of the challenges and setbacks encountered and leverages that can be harnessed. The dialogue may assist in further defining the role that UN-Habitat can play at local， regional， national and global levels in backstopping interventions for improving economic opportunities for all. It is also anticipated that the engagement with development partners in the course of the dialogue may reveal potential areas to which support can be provided in the short-， medium- and long-term.
The paper recognizes that both productivity and equity are important. Indeed it is impossible to sustain one without the other and both objectives must be urgently focused on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable segments of the urban population and those of youth and women. Emphasizing domestic or endogenous growth also means recognizing that， while getting the policies right at home is critical， city governments also need to be aware of global and national economic conditions and threats， including climate change and financial volatility.
本文提请注意解决城市生产潜力的紧迫性，特别是在产生经济机会方面。它重申了这一事实：城市经济的快速发展，尤其是建立在平衡、公平基础上的城市繁荣，会为城市的可持续发展提供坚实的基础。尽管城市的动态潜力由很多因素决定，但其出现并非自发。它需要进行规划、指导、和驾驭。
本文认为有效的城市政策需要从工作和收入入手。如果没有这些重要的组成部分，城市生活是不可行的。如今面对的挑战是如何将该首要任务贯彻到城市规划的管理政策、投资和信用的分配、地方经济的运作、以及正式和非正式的用于城市发展和城市空间形态的土地资源融资中去。
本文强调在解决经济机会问题、城市发展的系统性要求的过程中，青年和性别问题应得到特殊关注。除了人口数据和性别比例，我们还应重视影响这些社会群体充分发挥其潜力的一系列因素。本文还强调我们需要认清妇女和青年的贡献，通过伙伴关系和按比例扩大、帮助有关措施和策略的进一步提升。
本文预期通过对话，交流经验会提供具体的、切实的战略干预，以改善城市中每个人的经济机会。通过对生活经验的反应，成员国和合作伙伴有望突出一些挑战和挫折，以及一些可以利用的优势。对话也许会进一步定义联合国人居署在地方、区域、国家、乃至全球范围内采取支援措施来干预改善经济机会的行动中所发挥的作用。在对话中，与发展伙伴的对接可能会揭示新的需要提供短期、中期、或长期帮助的潜在领域。
本文认识到生产力和权益同样重要。二者相辅相成，缺一不可。这两个目标应将重点放在城市人口中最贫困和最弱势群体的需求上，以及青年和妇女的需求上。强调国内和内部增长也意味着对其认可，尽管在国内采取正确的政策至关重要，城市政府仍需注意国际范围内的经济情况和威胁，包括气候变化和财政波动。