炭材料的基本结构单元是各向异性碳六角层面。基于择优取向的图型，炭材料中的纳米大小的组织（纳米组织）可分为沿面、轴和点的取向以及任意取向。从这种纳米组织的分类可以容易地了解到为什么炭材料能有如此多的形态：层片、纤维、球和不规则的粒子，以及为什么有如此宽广的性质。文中还简要地介绍了表征这些纳米组织的主要技术 The basic structural unit of a carbon material is an anisotropic carbon hexagonal plane. Based on a pattern of preferential orientation, nanosized tissues (nanostructures) in carbon materials can be divided into orientations along faces, axes and dots, as well as any orientation. From this classification of nanostructures it is easy to see why there are so many morphologies of carbon materials: plies, fibers, spheres and irregular particles, and why they are so broad. The article also briefly introduces the main techniques for characterizing these nanostructures