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[目的]以河南省为例探讨粮食作物的育种方向。[方法]优良品种是粮食增产的基础,而正确的育种方向对选育优良品种至关重要。根据河南省省情和粮食生产实际需要,利用粮食生产统计数据,对河南省粮食生产现状和影响因素进行分析,并总结了当前粮食作物育种的方向。[结果]在河南省粮食总产增长过程中,主要是依赖于粮食单产的增长,而且主要是由小麦和玉米产量的增长实现的。影响河南省粮食生产的主要因素有:气象灾害频繁,抗灾能力不强;化肥投入过量,物质转化效率下降,并且加剧农业面源污染;耕地质量和分布不平衡;作物育种过程中重视产量性状,忽视相关性状;种质资源狭窄,导致主导品种单一;随着农村劳动力转移,种粮人数减少。在此基础上,提出了高产性、高效性、适应性、抗逆性、专用性和安全性的作物育种方向。通过育种方向的调整,提高粮食作物育种水平,培育优良品种,实现粮食生产的土地集约利用,物质集约节本,劳动集约替代,环境集约减损,技术集约高效,促进粮食生产持续稳定发展。[结论]该研究结果为粮食作物优良品种的选育和河南省粮食增产提供了依据。
[Objective] To study the breeding direction of food crops in Henan Province. [Method] The fine varieties are the basis of grain yield increase, and the correct breeding direction is very important for breeding fine varieties. According to the actual situation of Henan Province and the actual needs of grain production, the paper uses the statistics of grain production to analyze the current situation and influencing factors of grain production in Henan Province and summarizes the current direction of food crop breeding. [Result] In Henan Province, the growth of total grain output mainly relied on the increase of grain yield per unit area, mainly due to the increase of wheat and corn production. The main factors affecting grain production in Henan Province are as follows: frequent meteorological disasters and weak disaster resilience; excessive input of chemical fertilizers, reduced material conversion efficiency, aggravating agricultural non-point source pollution; unbalanced quality and distribution of cultivated land; importance of yield traits in crop breeding, Neglect of related traits; germplasm narrow, leading to a single dominant species; with the transfer of rural labor, reduce the number of grain. On this basis, the direction of crop breeding is put forward, which is high productivity, high efficiency, adaptability, resistance, specificity and safety. Through the adjustment of breeding direction, the level of food crop breeding is improved, the fine varieties are cultivated, the land intensive utilization of grain production, intensive material saving, intensive labor substitution, environmental derogation, intensive and efficient technology are promoted, and the sustained and steady development of grain production is promoted. [Conclusion] The results of this study provided the basis for breeding elite varieties of grain crops and increasing grain yield in Henan Province.