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高考英语在重视对语义和功能考查的同时，并未完全放弃对语言形式和语言知识类题目的考查，主要涉及强调句、倒装句、省略句、反意疑问句、祈使句、感叹句以及其它特殊句式如there be 句型等。从近五年的高考英语试题来看，新课标地区考点集中在对倒装、强调两部分；非课标地区考点集中在倒装句，而其它特殊句式均都不同程度地涉及到。本文试图以近五年的全国卷、山东卷以及其它部分省市的高考试卷为例，对这一类试题的高考考点进行归纳分析，探讨该类试题的命题方向，以期帮助广大考生做好有针对性地、有效地复习。
一、考查倒装句
1.If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party,_______.(NMET 2007 全国II,11)
A.he will eitherB.neither will he
C.he neither will D.either he will
解析：此题考查了倒装句的一个比较重要的固定句型。neither意为“也不”，置于另一分句句首时，此分句要部分倒装。题干后一分句还可以有以下两种表达形式：nor will he ; he won’t ,either.答案是B.若前一分句是肯定句，后一分句则用so,意为“也”来引导倒装分句。再如：
（1）Mary never does any reading in the evening, ________.(2005 全国III，16)
A.so does John B.John does too
C.John doesn’t too D.nor does John
答案是：D.
（2）——My room gets very cold at night.
——________.(2007 江苏，31)
A.So is mine B.So mine is
C.So does mineD.So mine does
答案是：C.
2.——How was the televised debate last night? （2007 上海， 31）
——Super! Rarely ____so much media attention.
A.a debate attractedB.did a debate attract
C.a debate did attract D.attracted a debate
解析：句意：——昨晚电视播放的辩论会怎么样？——很棒！很少有一场辩论会引起这么多媒体的关注。否定词与半否定词置于句首，句子应该使用部分倒装语序。选项中只有B为部分倒装语序，答案是B. 该句比较自然地运用倒装语序，更充分表达了回答者赞扬的语气。再如：
(1)Little ______ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. (2007 安徽，22)
A.he realizedB.he didn’t realize
C.didn’t he realize D.did he realize
答案是：D.
(2)I have been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom ____so lonely as now. (2007 辽宁，23)
A.have I felt B.I had felt
C.I have felt D.had I felt
答案是：A.
(3) I’ve tried very hard to improve my English.But by no means ______with my progress. (2006 重庆，24)
A.the teacher is not satisfied
B.is the teacher not satisfied
C.the teacher is satisfied
D.is the teacher satisfied
答案是：D.
3.Only then ______how much damage had been caused. (2006 陕西，16)
A.she realized B.she had realized
C.had she realized D.did she realized
解析：only修饰的状语置于句首，主句要用倒装结构。该句中，realized 动作在 had been caused 之后，因此，应选D. 再如：
Only in this way ______to make improvements in the operating system. (2003 上海春，39)
A.You can hope B.you did hope
C.can you hopeD.did you hope
答案是：C.
4.So difficult ______it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice .(2006 广东，33)
A.I did findB.did I find
C.I have found D.have I found
解析：在so….that…引导的结果状语从句中，有时为了突出so 修饰的形容词或副词，置于句首，便引起该分句部分倒装。由decided可知该句描述的是“过去”的事情，而非强调现在的影响，所以应选B.再如：
(1)______about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.(2005 江苏，35)
A.So curious the couple was
B.So curious were the couple
C.How curious the couple were
D.The couple was such curious
答案是：B.
(2)_____ that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.(2007 陕西，10)
A.So successful her business was
B.So successful was her business
C.So her business was successful
D.So was her successful business
答案是：B.
5.__________,Carolina couldn’t get the door open. (2005 广东，23)
A.Try as she mightB.As she might try
C.She might as tryD.Might she as try
解析：as引导让步状语从句时，常把让步状语从句中的n./adj./adv./v.提前。如：Child as he is, he knows much. 答案是:A. 再如:
_____,he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class.(2005重庆，27)
A.A quiet student as he may be
B.Quiet student as he may be
C.Be a quiet student as he may
D.Quiet as he may be a student
答案是：B.
通过以上分析，对倒装句的考查，主要是部分倒装，一般考查以下几个方面：
1.含有否定意义的词置于句首，主谓倒装。
2.在neither/nor、so分别表示“也不”、“也”置于句首时，主谓倒装。
3.only+状语置于句首时，主谓倒装。
4.so/such…..that…..句型中，so/such+被修饰的成分置于句首，主谓倒装。
5.表示位置的词置于句首，主谓倒装等。
6.在虚拟语气中，省略了if的虚拟条件句要部分倒装。
7.as引导的让步状语从句，常把让步状语从句中的n./adj./adv./v.提前。
二、考查强调句
1.Why！I have nothing to confess. __________you want me to say(2004,上海，43)
A.what is it that B.What it is that
C.How is it that D.How it is that
解析：本题强调特殊疑问句中特殊疑问词what，改为非强调句：What do you want me to say? 根据语序应排除B和D，say是及物动词应带宾语，因此，答案是：A。
1.I just wonder ______that makes him so excited.(2006 山东，32)
A.why it doesB.what he does
C.how it is D.what it is
解析：本题考查what 引导的强调句作wonder的宾语，改为非强调句为：I just wonder what makes him so excited.答案是：D。
2.I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter _____I’m talking to.(2004 广东，23)
A.who is itB.who it is
C.it is whoD.it is whom
解析：本题考查who引导的强调句做主语，改为非强调句：…..and it doesn’t matter who /whom I’m talking to。D项的语序有误，应当是whom it is。答案是：B。
3.——______that he managed to get the information?
——Oh,a friend of his helped him. (2005 山东，31)
A.why it does B.what he does
C.how is itD.what it is
解析：本题考查特殊疑问句变为强调句型，从答语能推断出来，强调的是how引导的特殊疑问句，改为非强调句为：How did he manage to get the information? 答案是：C。
4.It is not who is right but what is right _________ is of importance. (2007 重庆，27)
A.whichB.itC.thatD.this
解析：本题中对not......but…..连接的两个主语从句强调，改为非强调句：Not who is right but what is right is of importance,被强调部分用了not…….but……结构增加了试题的难度。答案是：C。
5.It __________we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ________I found we had a lot in common.(2007 浙江，10)
A.was until;when B.was until;that
C.wasn’t until;whenD.wasn’t until;that
解析：本题考查含有until引导状语从句的强调句型。当主句用了否定时，应注意把not提前。该强调句加入not…until…增加了试题的难度。答案是：D。
6.It is imagination ____________makes the world colorful, full of vigor and vitality.(2007 上海春，32)
A.whereB.whatC.thatD.when
解析：本题强调主语imagination, 改为非强调句：Imagination makes the world colorful, full of vigor and vitality.想象力使这个世界色彩斑斓，充满活力。答案是：C。
通过以上分析，近五年高考，倾向于将强调句置于复合句中考查，或者是考查对特殊疑问词强调的句式，这增加了辨识强调句型的难处，这一点，考生应特别注意。
三、考查特别句型
对特别句型的考查，集中体现在感叹句、祈使句、反意疑问句上和否定句上，现分析如下。
1.The little boy came riding full speed down the motorway on his bicycle. _______it was !（2007上海，32）
A.What a dangerous scene B.what dangerous a scene
C.How a dangerous scene D.How dangerous the scene
解析：本题考查感叹句，感叹句式的结构为：What(a)+adj.+n.+主语＋谓语！或How+adj./adv.+主语＋谓语！根据句子结构，答案选A。此句也可以说成:How dangerous a scene it was.
2.Stand over there __________you’ll be able to see it better.(2004天津，22)
A.orB.whileC.butD.and
解析：本题考查祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，句意为：If you stand over there ,you’ll be able to see it better. 两分句之间前后是承接关系，所以，应选D。如果选or,此句应改为：Stand over there or you won’t be able to see it better，句意为：If you don’t stand over there, you won’t be able to see it better. 再如：
Help others whenever you can __________you will make the world a nicer place to live in.(2007，辽宁，28)
A.andB.orC.unlessD.but
答案是：A。
3.We forgot to bring our tickets ,but please let us enter,__________? (2006 全国II,7)
A.do you B.can we C.will you D.shall we
解析：本题考查祈使句的反意疑问句。应该注意let us和let’s引导的祈使句所用场合是不同的：let us do sth.是征求对方的许可；let’s do sth. 是号召大家做某事。因此，它们的反意疑问句式也不同，let’s do sth.的反意疑问句式是:shall we,而let us do sth.的反意疑问句式是：will /won’t you答案是：C。再如：
（1）I’m sure you’d rather she went to school by bus,_________(2006,福建，29)
A.hadn’t youB.wouldn’t you
C.aren’t I D.didn’t she
解析：在反意疑问句中，当陈述部分是“I’m sure/afraid ….;I(don’t)think /suppose/believe+that 从句时”结构时，反意疑问句部分要和从句中的主语、谓语相一致。本题中 “you’d rather ”是would的省略形式，因此，答案是：B。
（2）When you’ve finished with that book, don’t forget to put it back on the shelf,_________?(2007 北京，34)
A.do youB.don’t you C.will you D.won’t you
解析：本题考查祈使句反意疑问句的构成，当祈使句的逻辑主语是you时，应该用will/won’t you 来反问，但当祈使句是否定式时，只能用will you?来反问。答案是：C。
（3）There is no light in the dormitory .They must have gone to the lecture,_____?（2004 上海春，31）
A.didn’t they B.don’t they
C.mustn’t they D.haven’t they
解析：考查表推测句型的反意疑问句的用法。 must have done 的反问有两种情况：一种是语境中没有明确的时间状语，此时用助动词 have /has 反问；当语境中有明确的时间状语时，用did反问。如：He must have gone to the theatre last night ,didn’t he?所以答案是D。
（4）If you talk nice and polite ,people listen to you. If you shout ,this is no good,___?(2007 上海春，32)
A.do youB.don’t you C.is it D.isn’t it
解析：当对一个复合句反问时，要对主句反问，而不是从句。本题是对this is no good反问，此句是否定句，因此，答案选C。
通过以上分析，对这些特殊句型的考查，设置了一定的语言环境，侧重了对这些固定结构的灵活应用。
四、考查省略句
对省略句的考查，涉及到了不定式符号to的省略、不定式中动词的省略、定语从句中关系词的省略、状语从句中主语和谓语的部分省略、特殊句型的省略等，例如：
1.We all know that,______,the situation will get worse.(2007全国I,28)
A.not if dealt carefully with
B.if not carefully dealt with
C.if dealt not carefully with
D.not if carefully dealt with
解析：本题考查状语从句的省略现象，从句的完整结构应该是：if the situation is not carefully dealt with。答案是B。
2._________and I’ll get the work finished.(2006重庆，27)
A.Have one more hourB.One more hour
C.Given one more hour D.If I have one more hour
解析：本题中，选项B事实上是Give me one more hour 这一祈使句的省略。若把and改为逗号，C 、D两项也正确。答案是B。
从近五年高考试题分析，关于省略句很少单独出题，常融于其他句型结构中，比如在neither/nor和so分别表示“也不”和“也”时，用于省略分句中，例句可参考倒装句部分。
特殊句式这一部分，主要是考查语言形式，涉及到的内容面较广，知识性强，呈现知识之间的交叉现象，考查的句型结构的复杂程度和句意理解难度都逐年加大。并且，此类题目语言环境的情景化是近几年高考命题的趋势。
一、考查倒装句
1.If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party,_______.(NMET 2007 全国II,11)
A.he will eitherB.neither will he
C.he neither will D.either he will
解析：此题考查了倒装句的一个比较重要的固定句型。neither意为“也不”，置于另一分句句首时，此分句要部分倒装。题干后一分句还可以有以下两种表达形式：nor will he ; he won’t ,either.答案是B.若前一分句是肯定句，后一分句则用so,意为“也”来引导倒装分句。再如：
（1）Mary never does any reading in the evening, ________.(2005 全国III，16)
A.so does John B.John does too
C.John doesn’t too D.nor does John
答案是：D.
（2）——My room gets very cold at night.
——________.(2007 江苏，31)
A.So is mine B.So mine is
C.So does mineD.So mine does
答案是：C.
2.——How was the televised debate last night? （2007 上海， 31）
——Super! Rarely ____so much media attention.
A.a debate attractedB.did a debate attract
C.a debate did attract D.attracted a debate
解析：句意：——昨晚电视播放的辩论会怎么样？——很棒！很少有一场辩论会引起这么多媒体的关注。否定词与半否定词置于句首，句子应该使用部分倒装语序。选项中只有B为部分倒装语序，答案是B. 该句比较自然地运用倒装语序，更充分表达了回答者赞扬的语气。再如：
(1)Little ______ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. (2007 安徽，22)
A.he realizedB.he didn’t realize
C.didn’t he realize D.did he realize
答案是：D.
(2)I have been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom ____so lonely as now. (2007 辽宁，23)
A.have I felt B.I had felt
C.I have felt D.had I felt
答案是：A.
(3) I’ve tried very hard to improve my English.But by no means ______with my progress. (2006 重庆，24)
A.the teacher is not satisfied
B.is the teacher not satisfied
C.the teacher is satisfied
D.is the teacher satisfied
答案是：D.
3.Only then ______how much damage had been caused. (2006 陕西，16)
A.she realized B.she had realized
C.had she realized D.did she realized
解析：only修饰的状语置于句首，主句要用倒装结构。该句中，realized 动作在 had been caused 之后，因此，应选D. 再如：
Only in this way ______to make improvements in the operating system. (2003 上海春，39)
A.You can hope B.you did hope
C.can you hopeD.did you hope
答案是：C.
4.So difficult ______it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice .(2006 广东，33)
A.I did findB.did I find
C.I have found D.have I found
解析：在so….that…引导的结果状语从句中，有时为了突出so 修饰的形容词或副词，置于句首，便引起该分句部分倒装。由decided可知该句描述的是“过去”的事情，而非强调现在的影响，所以应选B.再如：
(1)______about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.(2005 江苏，35)
A.So curious the couple was
B.So curious were the couple
C.How curious the couple were
D.The couple was such curious
答案是：B.
(2)_____ that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.(2007 陕西，10)
A.So successful her business was
B.So successful was her business
C.So her business was successful
D.So was her successful business
答案是：B.
5.__________,Carolina couldn’t get the door open. (2005 广东，23)
A.Try as she mightB.As she might try
C.She might as tryD.Might she as try
解析：as引导让步状语从句时，常把让步状语从句中的n./adj./adv./v.提前。如：Child as he is, he knows much. 答案是:A. 再如:
_____,he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class.(2005重庆，27)
A.A quiet student as he may be
B.Quiet student as he may be
C.Be a quiet student as he may
D.Quiet as he may be a student
答案是：B.
通过以上分析，对倒装句的考查，主要是部分倒装，一般考查以下几个方面：
1.含有否定意义的词置于句首，主谓倒装。
2.在neither/nor、so分别表示“也不”、“也”置于句首时，主谓倒装。
3.only+状语置于句首时，主谓倒装。
4.so/such…..that…..句型中，so/such+被修饰的成分置于句首，主谓倒装。
5.表示位置的词置于句首，主谓倒装等。
6.在虚拟语气中，省略了if的虚拟条件句要部分倒装。
7.as引导的让步状语从句，常把让步状语从句中的n./adj./adv./v.提前。
二、考查强调句
1.Why！I have nothing to confess. __________you want me to say(2004,上海，43)
A.what is it that B.What it is that
C.How is it that D.How it is that
解析：本题强调特殊疑问句中特殊疑问词what，改为非强调句：What do you want me to say? 根据语序应排除B和D，say是及物动词应带宾语，因此，答案是：A。
1.I just wonder ______that makes him so excited.(2006 山东，32)
A.why it doesB.what he does
C.how it is D.what it is
解析：本题考查what 引导的强调句作wonder的宾语，改为非强调句为：I just wonder what makes him so excited.答案是：D。
2.I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn’t matter _____I’m talking to.(2004 广东，23)
A.who is itB.who it is
C.it is whoD.it is whom
解析：本题考查who引导的强调句做主语，改为非强调句：…..and it doesn’t matter who /whom I’m talking to。D项的语序有误，应当是whom it is。答案是：B。
3.——______that he managed to get the information?
——Oh,a friend of his helped him. (2005 山东，31)
A.why it does B.what he does
C.how is itD.what it is
解析：本题考查特殊疑问句变为强调句型，从答语能推断出来，强调的是how引导的特殊疑问句，改为非强调句为：How did he manage to get the information? 答案是：C。
4.It is not who is right but what is right _________ is of importance. (2007 重庆，27)
A.whichB.itC.thatD.this
解析：本题中对not......but…..连接的两个主语从句强调，改为非强调句：Not who is right but what is right is of importance,被强调部分用了not…….but……结构增加了试题的难度。答案是：C。
5.It __________we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ________I found we had a lot in common.(2007 浙江，10)
A.was until;when B.was until;that
C.wasn’t until;whenD.wasn’t until;that
解析：本题考查含有until引导状语从句的强调句型。当主句用了否定时，应注意把not提前。该强调句加入not…until…增加了试题的难度。答案是：D。
6.It is imagination ____________makes the world colorful, full of vigor and vitality.(2007 上海春，32)
A.whereB.whatC.thatD.when
解析：本题强调主语imagination, 改为非强调句：Imagination makes the world colorful, full of vigor and vitality.想象力使这个世界色彩斑斓，充满活力。答案是：C。
通过以上分析，近五年高考，倾向于将强调句置于复合句中考查，或者是考查对特殊疑问词强调的句式，这增加了辨识强调句型的难处，这一点，考生应特别注意。
三、考查特别句型
对特别句型的考查，集中体现在感叹句、祈使句、反意疑问句上和否定句上，现分析如下。
1.The little boy came riding full speed down the motorway on his bicycle. _______it was !（2007上海，32）
A.What a dangerous scene B.what dangerous a scene
C.How a dangerous scene D.How dangerous the scene
解析：本题考查感叹句，感叹句式的结构为：What(a)+adj.+n.+主语＋谓语！或How+adj./adv.+主语＋谓语！根据句子结构，答案选A。此句也可以说成:How dangerous a scene it was.
2.Stand over there __________you’ll be able to see it better.(2004天津，22)
A.orB.whileC.butD.and
解析：本题考查祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，句意为：If you stand over there ,you’ll be able to see it better. 两分句之间前后是承接关系，所以，应选D。如果选or,此句应改为：Stand over there or you won’t be able to see it better，句意为：If you don’t stand over there, you won’t be able to see it better. 再如：
Help others whenever you can __________you will make the world a nicer place to live in.(2007，辽宁，28)
A.andB.orC.unlessD.but
答案是：A。
3.We forgot to bring our tickets ,but please let us enter,__________? (2006 全国II,7)
A.do you B.can we C.will you D.shall we
解析：本题考查祈使句的反意疑问句。应该注意let us和let’s引导的祈使句所用场合是不同的：let us do sth.是征求对方的许可；let’s do sth. 是号召大家做某事。因此，它们的反意疑问句式也不同，let’s do sth.的反意疑问句式是:shall we,而let us do sth.的反意疑问句式是：will /won’t you答案是：C。再如：
（1）I’m sure you’d rather she went to school by bus,_________(2006,福建，29)
A.hadn’t youB.wouldn’t you
C.aren’t I D.didn’t she
解析：在反意疑问句中，当陈述部分是“I’m sure/afraid ….;I(don’t)think /suppose/believe+that 从句时”结构时，反意疑问句部分要和从句中的主语、谓语相一致。本题中 “you’d rather ”是would的省略形式，因此，答案是：B。
（2）When you’ve finished with that book, don’t forget to put it back on the shelf,_________?(2007 北京，34)
A.do youB.don’t you C.will you D.won’t you
解析：本题考查祈使句反意疑问句的构成，当祈使句的逻辑主语是you时，应该用will/won’t you 来反问，但当祈使句是否定式时，只能用will you?来反问。答案是：C。
（3）There is no light in the dormitory .They must have gone to the lecture,_____?（2004 上海春，31）
A.didn’t they B.don’t they
C.mustn’t they D.haven’t they
解析：考查表推测句型的反意疑问句的用法。 must have done 的反问有两种情况：一种是语境中没有明确的时间状语，此时用助动词 have /has 反问；当语境中有明确的时间状语时，用did反问。如：He must have gone to the theatre last night ,didn’t he?所以答案是D。
（4）If you talk nice and polite ,people listen to you. If you shout ,this is no good,___?(2007 上海春，32)
A.do youB.don’t you C.is it D.isn’t it
解析：当对一个复合句反问时，要对主句反问，而不是从句。本题是对this is no good反问，此句是否定句，因此，答案选C。
通过以上分析，对这些特殊句型的考查，设置了一定的语言环境，侧重了对这些固定结构的灵活应用。
四、考查省略句
对省略句的考查，涉及到了不定式符号to的省略、不定式中动词的省略、定语从句中关系词的省略、状语从句中主语和谓语的部分省略、特殊句型的省略等，例如：
1.We all know that,______,the situation will get worse.(2007全国I,28)
A.not if dealt carefully with
B.if not carefully dealt with
C.if dealt not carefully with
D.not if carefully dealt with
解析：本题考查状语从句的省略现象，从句的完整结构应该是：if the situation is not carefully dealt with。答案是B。
2._________and I’ll get the work finished.(2006重庆，27)
A.Have one more hourB.One more hour
C.Given one more hour D.If I have one more hour
解析：本题中，选项B事实上是Give me one more hour 这一祈使句的省略。若把and改为逗号，C 、D两项也正确。答案是B。
从近五年高考试题分析，关于省略句很少单独出题，常融于其他句型结构中，比如在neither/nor和so分别表示“也不”和“也”时，用于省略分句中，例句可参考倒装句部分。
特殊句式这一部分，主要是考查语言形式，涉及到的内容面较广，知识性强，呈现知识之间的交叉现象，考查的句型结构的复杂程度和句意理解难度都逐年加大。并且，此类题目语言环境的情景化是近几年高考命题的趋势。