本文阐述了用单频激光和双向梯度效应光电管测量机床导轨几何误差的原理;同时介绍了提高测量精度的方法,以及用Harris-800型计算机处理数据的原理和流程。对一台美国英格索(Ingersoll)公司镗削滑台测量的结果表明,测量装置和计算机程序是可靠的、精确的,其分辨率可达1微米,精确度为±2.5微米。数据处理的CPU时间仅为5秒。 In this paper, the principle of measuring geometric errors of the guide rails of a machine tool with single-frequency laser and bidirectional gradient-effect phototube is described. The methods of improving the measurement precision and the principle and process of data processing with the Harris-800 computer are also introduced. The results of a boring slide test on an American Ingersoll Company show that the measuring device and the computer program are reliable and accurate, with a resolution of 1 micron and an accuracy of ± 2.5 microns. Data processing CPU time is only 5 seconds.