Effective and precise neural modulation with real-time detection in the brain is of great importance and represents a significant challenge.Nanoliposome-encapsulated light-sensitive compounds have excellent characteristics such as high temporal and spatial resolution,delayed drug clearance,and restricted drug biodistribution for neural modulation.In this study,we developed a nanoliposome-based delivery system for ruthenium-based caged GABA compounds (Nanolipo-Ru) to modulate neural activity and allow for real-time monitoring using the microelectrode arrays (MEAs).The Nanolipo-Ru nanoparticles had an average size of 134.10 ± 4.30 nm and exhibited excellent stability for seven weeks.For the in vivo experiment in the rat,release of GABA by Nanolipo-Ru under blue light illumination resulted in an average firing rate reduction in interneurons and pyramidal neurons in the same brain region of 79.4％ and 81.6％,respectively.Simultaneously,the average power of local field potentials in the 0-15 Hz range degraded from 4.34 to 0.85 mW.In addition,the Nanolipo-Ru nanoparticles have the potential to provide more flexible timing of modulation than unencapsulated RuBi-GABA in the experiments.These results indicated that Nanolipo-Ru could be an effective platform for regulating neuronal electrophysiology.Furthermore,nanoliposomes with appropriate modifications would render promising utilities for targeting of specific types of neurons in the future.