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Q-mode factor analysis was applied to 99 surface samples from the South China Sea to define four planktonic foraminiferal assemblages: tropical-subtropical assemblage, high-salinity assemblage, transitional assemblage and dissolution resistant assemblage. The tropical-subtropical assemblage is a dominant assemblage. The variation of the planktonic foraminifera of this assemblage reflects the changes of tropical surface water from the west Pacific to South China Sea. These four assemblages reveal that different planktonic foraminiferal assemblages are controlled by different factors in the South China Sea, such as tropical-subtropical assemblage controlled by sea surface temperature (SST), high-sallnity assemblage mainly by salinity besides SST, transitional assemblage by SST and dissolution resistant assemblage by water depth.