出生缺陷 (ＢＤ) :是指胎儿在胚胎发育过程中由于内外环境的影响引起的形态结构及生理代谢上的异常 ,随着感染性疾病和营养不良症等疾病的明显减少 ,ＢＤ对人口素质的影响明显重要 ,给社会和家庭会带来巨大负担 ,也是计划生育和优生优育工作的严重障碍 ,ＢＤ是新生儿死亡和死胎 Birth defects (BD): refers to the fetus in the process of embryonic development due to internal and external environment caused by morphological changes and physiological and metabolic abnormalities, with infectious diseases and malnutrition and other diseases significantly reduced, BD on the quality of the population The impact is obviously important, bringing huge burden to society and families. It is also a serious obstacle to family planning and prenatal and postnatal care. BD is neonatal death and stillbirth