世界主义强调,无论个人的公民身份或民族身份是什么,世界上的所有人都是平等的,都是道德关怀的终极单位。当代世界主义有着各种类型,比如制度世界主义、道德世界主义等等。世界主义面临着诸多挑战,譬如,民族主义者和爱国主义者认为世界主义是令人难以接受的,同时,人们在批判全球公民身份和全球分配正义的过程中也常常对世界主义提出诘难。本文认为,当代世界主义,尤其是其中的道德世界主义,是可以获得辩护的。 Cosmopolitanism emphasizes that no matter what the individual’s citizenship or national identity is, all people in the world are equal and are all the ultimate units of moral care. There are various types of contemporary cosmopolitanism, such as institutional cosmopolitanism and moral cosmopolitanism. Cosmopolitanism faces many challenges. For example, nationalists and patriots consider cosmopolitanism as unacceptable. At the same time, it is common for people to endanger cosmopolitanism in the process of criticizing global citizenship and global distributive justice. This article argues that contemporary cosmopolitanism, especially its moral cosmopolitanism, can be defended.