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我们经历了一般现在时、一般过去时等时态的艰苦磨练。今天,我们又迎来了新的挑战——现在完成时。请看构成方式:
一、现在完成时由“助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词”构成:
(1)肯定式:主语+助动词have/has+动词的过去分词+其它。如:
She has finished her homework. 她已做完作业了。
We have cleaned our classroom. 我们已打扫完教室了。
(2)否定式:主语+助动词have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其它。
现在完成时的否定句直接在助动词have/has后面加上not, have not与has not可分别缩写成haven’t与hasn’t。肯定句中有already时,否定句中一般要改为yet。如:
Miss Gao hasn’t come back yet. 高老师还没有回来。
They haven’t spoken to a foreigner. 他们还没有与外国人说过话。
(3)一般疑问式:助动词Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其它?
现在完成时的一般疑问句直接把have/has提到主语之前,同时也要把句中的already改为yet。肯定的简略回答为:“Yes, 主语+have/has.”,有时也可用“Yes, already.”。否定的简略回答为:“No, 主语+haven’t/hasn’t.”,有时也可用“No, not yet./No, never./Not yet.”等。如:
“Have you returned the book?” “Yes, I have.” “你把那本书还了吗?” “是的,我还了。”
“Have you found your lost bike yet?” “No, not yet.” “你找到你丢失的自行车了吗?” “还没有。”
【温馨提示】在现在完成时的各种结构中, have/has均为助动词,无实际意义。当主语是第三人称单数时要用has。have/has后接动词的过去分词。
二、现在完成时的用法:
1.现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果,常与时间副词already, yet, just, ever, before等连用。如:
I’ve finished my homework already. 我已经完成作业了。
She hasn’t found her dog yet. 她还没有找到她的狗。
They’ve just arrived here. 他们刚到这里。
We have never been to Beijing. 我们从来没有去过北京。
Have you been here before? 以前你来过这儿吗?
2.现在完成时还表示过去发生的动作延续至今还可能继续下去。常和for, since引导的一段时间的状语连用。如:
I’ve lived here for 20 years. 我在这儿住了20年了。(还可能住下去)
She has taught us since I came to this school.
自从我来到这学校,她一直在教我们。(可能再教下去)
三、现在完成时延续性动词与终止性动词的转换:
延续性动词:表示动作可以持续一段时间的动词。如:be, live, study, speak, talk, wait, walk, sleep, learn, have, keep, know等,它们可以和表示一段时间的词连用。
终止性动词:表示动作在瞬间就完成的动词。如:come, go, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, join, die, get to, arrive, reach, finish等,它们不能用在how long引导的疑问句中,也不能和表示一段时间的词连用。但是在否定句中,它们可以和表示一段时间的词连用。如:
I haven’t gone to Beijing for two years. 我已有两年没有去北京了。
在现在完成时中,当与表示一段时间的词连用时,终止性动词可以和延续性动词进行转换。如:come to→be in(at), come back→be back, begin/start→be on, borrow→keep, buy→have, join→be in/be a member of, die→be dead, become→be, leave→be away, get to know→know, finish→be over, fall asleep→be asleep, catch a cold→have a cold。
【巩固练习】
一、单项选择。
1. “Mum, may I go out to play football?” “____ you ____ your homework yet?”
A. Have; finished B. Do; finish C. Are; finishing D. Did; finish
2. “Hello, this is Lily speaking. Can I speak to Mr Fox?” “Sorry. He ____ Long Lake.”
A. has been to B. went to C. has gone to D. will go to
3. David ____ Shanghai for more than three months.
A. came to B. has been to C. has been in D. has come to
4. “Anna, could you lend me this book, please?” “I’m sorry, but I ____ it for only two days. I haven’t finished it yet.”
A. have bought B. have had C. bought D. had
5. Dongdong has ____ Greener China for two months.
A. joined B. take part in C. been D. been a member of
6. I ____ this book for two weeks. I have to return it now.
A. borrowed B. have borrowed C. kept D. have kept
7. The students are sorry to hear that the famous singer ____ for half an hour.
A. has left B. has gone C. has been away D. has gone away
8. You don’t have to describe her. I ____ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
二、按要求转换下列句子。
1. David has already booked the ticket. (改为否定句) _____________________________
2. I have had my lunch already. (改为一般疑问句) _____________________________
3. The Smiths have had a holiday since Christmas. (对划线部分提问) __________________
4. The dog has been dead for three days. (改为同义句) _____________________________
5. I have been to Beijing three times. (对划线部分提问) __________________________
三、翻译下列句子。
1. “你曾去过香港吗?” “不,从没去过。”
“____ you ever ____ to Hong Kong?” “No, ____.”
2. 他从未去过长城。
He ____ ____ ____ to the Great Wall.
3. 我叔叔离开上海一周了。他是上星期六离开的。
My uncle ____ ____ ____ ____ Shanghai for a week. He ____ last Saturday.
4. “你到这里多久了?” “两天吧。”
“____ ____ ____ you ____ here?” “For two days.”
5. 这自行车我买了三年多了。
I ____ ____ the bike ____ over three years.
[Key:一、1.A 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.C 8.B 二、1.David hasn’t booked the ticket yet. 2.Have you had your lunch yet? 3.How long have the Smiths had a holiday? 4.The dog died three days ago./It is three days since the dog died./Three days has passed since the dog died. 5.How many times have you been to Beijing? 三、1.Have; been; never 2.has never been 3.has been away from; left 4.How long have; been 5.have had; for]
一、现在完成时由“助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词”构成:
(1)肯定式:主语+助动词have/has+动词的过去分词+其它。如:
She has finished her homework. 她已做完作业了。
We have cleaned our classroom. 我们已打扫完教室了。
(2)否定式:主语+助动词have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其它。
现在完成时的否定句直接在助动词have/has后面加上not, have not与has not可分别缩写成haven’t与hasn’t。肯定句中有already时,否定句中一般要改为yet。如:
Miss Gao hasn’t come back yet. 高老师还没有回来。
They haven’t spoken to a foreigner. 他们还没有与外国人说过话。
(3)一般疑问式:助动词Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其它?
现在完成时的一般疑问句直接把have/has提到主语之前,同时也要把句中的already改为yet。肯定的简略回答为:“Yes, 主语+have/has.”,有时也可用“Yes, already.”。否定的简略回答为:“No, 主语+haven’t/hasn’t.”,有时也可用“No, not yet./No, never./Not yet.”等。如:
“Have you returned the book?” “Yes, I have.” “你把那本书还了吗?” “是的,我还了。”
“Have you found your lost bike yet?” “No, not yet.” “你找到你丢失的自行车了吗?” “还没有。”
【温馨提示】在现在完成时的各种结构中, have/has均为助动词,无实际意义。当主语是第三人称单数时要用has。have/has后接动词的过去分词。
二、现在完成时的用法:
1.现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果,常与时间副词already, yet, just, ever, before等连用。如:
I’ve finished my homework already. 我已经完成作业了。
She hasn’t found her dog yet. 她还没有找到她的狗。
They’ve just arrived here. 他们刚到这里。
We have never been to Beijing. 我们从来没有去过北京。
Have you been here before? 以前你来过这儿吗?
2.现在完成时还表示过去发生的动作延续至今还可能继续下去。常和for, since引导的一段时间的状语连用。如:
I’ve lived here for 20 years. 我在这儿住了20年了。(还可能住下去)
She has taught us since I came to this school.
自从我来到这学校,她一直在教我们。(可能再教下去)
三、现在完成时延续性动词与终止性动词的转换:
延续性动词:表示动作可以持续一段时间的动词。如:be, live, study, speak, talk, wait, walk, sleep, learn, have, keep, know等,它们可以和表示一段时间的词连用。
终止性动词:表示动作在瞬间就完成的动词。如:come, go, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, join, die, get to, arrive, reach, finish等,它们不能用在how long引导的疑问句中,也不能和表示一段时间的词连用。但是在否定句中,它们可以和表示一段时间的词连用。如:
I haven’t gone to Beijing for two years. 我已有两年没有去北京了。
在现在完成时中,当与表示一段时间的词连用时,终止性动词可以和延续性动词进行转换。如:come to→be in(at), come back→be back, begin/start→be on, borrow→keep, buy→have, join→be in/be a member of, die→be dead, become→be, leave→be away, get to know→know, finish→be over, fall asleep→be asleep, catch a cold→have a cold。
【巩固练习】
一、单项选择。
1. “Mum, may I go out to play football?” “____ you ____ your homework yet?”
A. Have; finished B. Do; finish C. Are; finishing D. Did; finish
2. “Hello, this is Lily speaking. Can I speak to Mr Fox?” “Sorry. He ____ Long Lake.”
A. has been to B. went to C. has gone to D. will go to
3. David ____ Shanghai for more than three months.
A. came to B. has been to C. has been in D. has come to
4. “Anna, could you lend me this book, please?” “I’m sorry, but I ____ it for only two days. I haven’t finished it yet.”
A. have bought B. have had C. bought D. had
5. Dongdong has ____ Greener China for two months.
A. joined B. take part in C. been D. been a member of
6. I ____ this book for two weeks. I have to return it now.
A. borrowed B. have borrowed C. kept D. have kept
7. The students are sorry to hear that the famous singer ____ for half an hour.
A. has left B. has gone C. has been away D. has gone away
8. You don’t have to describe her. I ____ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
二、按要求转换下列句子。
1. David has already booked the ticket. (改为否定句) _____________________________
2. I have had my lunch already. (改为一般疑问句) _____________________________
3. The Smiths have had a holiday since Christmas. (对划线部分提问) __________________
4. The dog has been dead for three days. (改为同义句) _____________________________
5. I have been to Beijing three times. (对划线部分提问) __________________________
三、翻译下列句子。
1. “你曾去过香港吗?” “不,从没去过。”
“____ you ever ____ to Hong Kong?” “No, ____.”
2. 他从未去过长城。
He ____ ____ ____ to the Great Wall.
3. 我叔叔离开上海一周了。他是上星期六离开的。
My uncle ____ ____ ____ ____ Shanghai for a week. He ____ last Saturday.
4. “你到这里多久了?” “两天吧。”
“____ ____ ____ you ____ here?” “For two days.”
5. 这自行车我买了三年多了。
I ____ ____ the bike ____ over three years.
[Key:一、1.A 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.C 8.B 二、1.David hasn’t booked the ticket yet. 2.Have you had your lunch yet? 3.How long have the Smiths had a holiday? 4.The dog died three days ago./It is three days since the dog died./Three days has passed since the dog died. 5.How many times have you been to Beijing? 三、1.Have; been; never 2.has never been 3.has been away from; left 4.How long have; been 5.have had; for]