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在中国传统社会中,先是官营商业,而后是特权商人在长途贩运贸易中居于主导的地位,但他们所能垄断的只是有限的行业,在广大城乡市场上从事商业活动的主要是普通商人和小生产者。坊市制度取消后,我国的城市市场基本上成为一个经营者可以自由进出的完全竞争性的市场。20世纪初年以后,股份公司制度在中国兴起,中国市场的主体、市场组织和运行情况也相应发生变化。中国的买办制度为企业高级职员的雇佣制度所取代;股份公司出现;新型交易机构的建立;商会调控市场作用的发挥等,使中国近代的市场交易成本大大降低。但是由于市场主体的分散、市场交易环节过多,导致了交易成本的昂贵。
In traditional Chinese society, government-run businesses were the first, followed by privileged traders who dominated the long-distance trafficking trade. However, they could only monopolize only a limited number of industries. Commercial activities in the vast urban and rural areas were mainly made by ordinary traders and Small producer. After the cancellation of Fangfang system, the urban market in our country basically becomes a completely competitive market where operators can freely enter and exit. After the beginning of the 20th century, the system of joint-stock companies emerged in China. The main body, market organization and operation of the Chinese market also changed accordingly. China’s comprador system is replaced by the employment system of senior staff of enterprises; the emergence of joint-stock companies; the establishment of new trading institutions; the role played by chambers of commerce in regulating and controlling the market have greatly reduced the transaction costs in the modern Chinese market. However, due to the divergence of market players, too many transactions in the market have led to the high transaction costs.